Table 1 Baseline demographic data, muscle strength, and physical fitness values in the CRE and CON groups.

Demographic data

Age (years) ^a

75.6 ± 4.4

76.0 ± 5.6

-2.854

3.754

0.276

0.784

0.091

Sex (Female/Male)^b

19/1

16/2

-

-

0.487

0.485

0.11^d

Affected side (Right/Left)^b

11/9

8/10

-

-

0.422

0.516

0.11^d

Body-mass index (kg/m²) ^a

24.6 ± 3.5

24.2 ± 2.2

-2.325

1.492

-0.444

0.660

-0.143

WOMAC ^c

12.9 ± 8.3

11.6 ± 8.5

-

-

-

0.588

Muscle strength (kg)

Hip abductors ^a

11.7 ± 2.5

12.3 ± 2.5

-1.062

2.245

0.726

0.473

0.237

Hip adductors ^a

9.0 ± 2.4

9.4 ± 2.3

-1.118

1.960

0.555

0.583

0.182

Hip flexors ^a

12.1 ± 2.7

13.2 ± 3.4

-0.944

3.072

1.075

0.290

0.348

Hip extensors ^a

12.9 ± 3.3

13.2 ± 2.9

-1.846

2.323

0.232

0.818

0.076

Knee flexors ^a

11.8 ± 3.5

10.8 ± 3.2

-3.248

1.172

-0.953

0.347

-0.310

Knee extensors ^a

13.7 ± 3.1

12.7 ± 3.3

-3.109

1.105

-0.965

0.341

-0.314

Functional Fitness

30-s chair stand (no. of times) ^a

14.4 ± 3.6

13.1 ± 3.2

-3.501

1.023

-1.111

0.274

-0.360

Functional-reach test (cm) ^a

26.9 ± 3.7

26.7 ± 3.1

-2.553

2.040

-0.217

0.829

-0.072

10-m walk test (s) ^c

10.5 ± 2.0

11.2 ± 3.9

-

-

-

0.884

-0.001