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Table 5 Multiple linear regression of the potential factors associated with the overall QoL of middle-aged and older adults. (N = 58,328)

From: Association of pain and quality of life among middle-aged and older adults of India

Factors

β

95% CI

p-value

Pain

   

No ®

-

  

Yes

−2.57

−3.02 – −2.11

< 0.001

Age

   

45–59®

-

  

60–74

−0.76

−1.19 – −0.34

< 0.001

75 and above

−2.8

−3.65 – −1.95

< 0.001

Sex

   

Male®

-

  

Female

−0.57

−1.05 – −0.10

0.018

Residence

   

Rural

-

  

Urban

1.95

1.37–2.53

< 0.001

Education Level

   

No schooling®

-

  

< 5 years

0.92

0.37–1.46

0.001

5–9 years

1.41

0.86–1.95

< 0.001

≥ 10 years

2.43

1.85–3.00

< 0.001

Currently Married

   

Yes®

-

  

No

−4.21

−4.65 – −3.78

< 0.001

MPCE quintile

   

Poorest®

-

  

Poorer

0.19

−0.45–0.82

0.564

Middle

−0.27

−0.82–0.29

0.342

Richer

−0.38

−0.97–0.21

0.206

Richest

−0.79

−1.46 – −0.12

0.021

Work Status

   

Currently Working®

-

  

Ever worked but not Currently Working

−2.24

−2.74 – −1.75

< 0.001

Never Worked

−0.32

−0.88–0.25

0.269

Multi-morbidity

   

0®

-

  

≥ 1

−2.23

−2.62 – −1.84

< 0.001

BMI

   

Underweight®

-

  

Normal

1.51

1.05–1.98

< 0.001

Overweight

2.2

1.60–2.80

< 0.001

Obese

2.09

1.11–3.06

< 0.001

Smoking History

   

No®

-

  

Yes

−0.91

−1.41 – −0.40

< 0.001

Alcohol History

   

No®

-

  

Yes

−0.02

−0.51–0.47

0.942

Supportive Aid for Daily Life

   

Independent®

-

  

Uses Aid

−0.22

−0.79–0.36

0.456

  1. Note: adjusted for all covariates listed in Table 1 and state-level fixed effect. MPCE refers to monthly per capita consumption expenditure and BMI refers to body mass index