| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Â | Â | Â |
Intercept | 11.291*** | 5.582*** | 5.489*** |
Living arrangement (ref = Living with spouse) |  |  |  |
 Living alone | -0.499** | -0.180 | 0.144 |
 Living with adult children | -1.232*** | -0.405** | -0.055 |
 Living with spouse and adult children | -0.544*** | -0.108 | -0.002 |
 Living with others | -1.345*** | -0.246 | 0.159 |
Time (years since baseline) | -0.085*** | -0.086*** | -0.048*** |
Age (ref = 60–64, at baseline) |  |  |  |
 65–69 | -0.689*** | -0.465*** | -0.469*** |
 70–74 | -1.806*** | -1.067*** | -1.068*** |
 ≥ 75 | -3.334*** | -1.839*** | -1.845*** |
Gender (ref = Male) |  |  |  |
 Female | -2.348*** | -0.698*** | -0.695*** |
Geographic residence (ref = Rural) |  |  |  |
 Urban | 2.539*** | 0.445*** | 0.444*** |
Education (ref = No formal education) |  |  |  |
 Capable of reading and/or writing |  | 2.435*** | 2.434*** |
 Primary school |  | 4.030*** | 4.030*** |
 Middle school and above |  | 5.152*** | 5.154*** |
Working status (ref = No) |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 0.009 | 0.015 |
The number of physical comorbidities (ref = 0) |  |  |  |
 1–2 |  | 0.026 | 0.026 |
 ≥ 3 |  | 0.176 | 0.177 |
Feeling pain (ref = No) |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | -0.181* | -0.182* |
IADLs (ref = Unimpaired) |  |  |  |
 Impaired |  | -0.801*** | -0.803*** |
Depressive symptoms (ref = No) |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | -0.485*** | -0.487*** |
Social activity participation (ref = No) |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 0.578*** | 0.577*** |
Number of adult children (ref = 1) |  |  |  |
 2–3 |  | 0.185 | 0.183 |
 ≥ 4 |  | 0.103 | 0.101 |
Average years of schooling of adult children (Centered) | Â | 0.203*** | 0.203*** |
Household expenditure per capita (log) | Â | 0.259*** | 0.258*** |
Time * Living alone | Â | Â | -0.126*** |
Time * Living with adult children | Â | Â | -0.136*** |
Time * Living with spouse and adult children | Â | Â | -0.040* |
Time * Living with others | Â | Â | -0.155* |
Random Effects | Â | Â | Â |
Level 2: Individual | Â | Â | Â |
 Individual -variance | 9.991*** | 4.695*** | 4.703*** |
Level 1: Point in time | Â | Â | Â |
 Point in time-variance | 6.522*** | 6.504*** | 6.486*** |
-2*loglikelihood | 101598.05 | 98079.63 | 98042.90 |