No. (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Baseline (n = 11633) | Difference between individual and neighborhood education | P value | ||
Ind. Edu. = Neighbor. Edu. (n = 3222) | Ind. Edu. < Neighbor. Edu. (n = 2952) | Ind. Edu. > Neighbor. Edu. (n = 5459) | |||
Women | 6145 (52.82) | 1893 (58.75) | 2277 (77.13) | 1975 (36.18) | < 0.001a |
Age, mean (SD) | 58.20 (8.91) | 59.38 (8.59) | 61.61 (9.23) | 55.65 (8.12) | < 0.001b |
Urban area of residence | 4044 (34.76) | 1027 (31.87) | 1014 (34.35) | 2003 (36.69) | < 0.001a |
Individual education: years of schooling, mean (SD) | 4.89 (4.15) | 3.01 (2.33) | 0.69 (1.33) | 8.28 (3.06) | < 0.001b |
Individual education | < 0.001a | ||||
No formal education | 3240 (27.85) | 935 (29.02) | 2305 (78.08) | 0 | |
No formal education but can read and write | 2157 (18.54) | 1155 (35.85) | 599 (20.29) | 403 (7.38) | |
Primary school | 2507 (21.55) | 989 (30.70) | 48 (1.63) | 1470 (26.93) | |
Junior middle school | 2421 (20.81) | 143 (4.44) | 0 | 2278 (41.73) | |
High middle school/vocational school or above | 1308 (11.24) | 0 | 0 | 1308 (23.96) | |
Neighborhood education: years of schooling, mean (SD) | 4.81(1.88) | 4.47 (2.00) | 4.91 (1.49) | 4.97 (1.96) | < 0.001b |
Neighborhood education | < 0.001a | ||||
No formal education | 1801 (15.48) | 935 (29.02) | 0 | 866 (15.86) | |
No formal education but can read and write | 5355 (46.03) | 1155 (35.85) | 1720 (58.27) | 2480 (45.43) | |
Primary school | 4033 (34.67) | 989 (30.70) | 1147 (38.86) | 1897 (34.75) | |
Junior middle school | 444 (3.82) | 143 (4.44) | 85 (2.88) | 216 (3.96) | |
High middle school/vocational school or above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Occupation | < 0.001a | ||||
Unemployed | 1985 (17.06) | 599 (18.59) | 570 (19.31) | 816 (14.95) | |
Agricultural workers | 7137 (61.35) | 2004 (62.20) | 1796 (60.84) | 3337 (61.13) | |
Self-employed | 905 (7.78) | 218 (6.77) | 225 (7.62) | 462 (8.46) | |
Managers and professionals | 1606 (13.81) | 401 (12.45) | 361 (12.23) | 844 (15.46) | |
Unmarried | 2302 (19.79) | 643 (19.96) | 578 (19.58) | 1081 (19.80) | 0.933a |
Frequency of drinking | < 0.001a | ||||
Drink more than once a month | 2975 (25.57) | 738 (22.91) | 408 (13.82) | 1829 (33.50) | |
Drink but less than once a month | 913 (7.85) | 245 (7.60) | 174 (5.89) | 494 (9.05) | |
None | 7745 (66.58) | 2239 (69.49) | 2370 (80.28) | 3136 (57.45) | |
HAI, mean (SD) | 48.94 (7.55) | 47.99 (7.19) | 46.49 (7.40) | 50.83 (7.34) | < 0.001b |
HAI trajectory | < 0.001a | ||||
Low starting point and fast decline | 1061 (9.12) | 350 (10.86) | 489 (16.57) | 222 (4.07) | |
Median starting point and slow decline | 4720 (40.42) | 1497 (46.46) | 1456 (49.32) | 1749 (32.04) | |
High starting point and slow decline | 4912 (42.22) | 1204 (37.37) | 917 (31.06) | 2791 (51.13) | |
High starting point with increase followed by decline | 958 (8.24) | 171 (5.31) | 90 (3.05) | 697 (12.77) | |
Healthy indicators | |||||
Cognitive functions, mean (SD) | 12.04 (6.31) | 11.22 (6.04) | 9.30 (5.55) | 14.01 (6.19) | < 0.001b |
Social participations, mean (SD) | 0.71 (0.90) | 0.64 (0.81) | 0.57 (0.72) | 0.83 (1.01) | < 0.001b |
Number of outpatient visits, mean (SD) | 0.41 (1.41) | 0.40 (1.26) | 0.38 (1.34) | 0.42 (1.52) | 0.417b |
Number of hospitalizations, mean (SD) | 0.14 (0.59) | 0.14 (0.55) | 0.15 (0.72) | 0.13 (0.54) | 0.348b |
Number of chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 1.36 (1.39) | 1.40 (1.40) | 1.48 (1.43) | 1.26 (1.33) | < 0.001b |
Self-reported health, mean (SD) | 3.01 (0.92) | 3.00 (0.90) | 3.03 (0.92) | 3.01 (0.93) | 0.224b |
Mobility, mean (SD) | 12.36 (4.16) | 12.79 (4.30) | 13.60 (4.67) | 11.44 (3.51) | < 0.001b |
ADLs, mean (SD) | 6.41 (1.39) | 6.50 (1.62) | 6.55 (1.53) | 6.28 (1.12) | < 0.001b |
IADLs, mean (SD) | 5.73 (2.01) | 5.84 (2.14) | 6.18 (2.52) | 5.42 (1.52) | < 0.001b |
Number of disabilities, mean (SD) | 0.21 (0.52) | 0.23 (0.55) | 0.27 (0.57) | 0.17 (0.47) | < 0.001b |
Long distance vision functions, mean (SD) | 3.69 (0.99) | 3.77 (0.97) | 3.87 (0.98) | 3.55 (0.99) | < 0.001b |
Near vision functions, mean (SD) | 3.80 (0.93) | 3.86 (0.90) | 3.91 (0.92) | 3.71 (0.94) | < 0.001b |
Hearing functions, mean (SD) | 3.53 (0.94) | 3.57 (0.93) | 3.66 (0.93) | 3.43 (0.93) | < 0.001b |
Life satisfaction, mean (SD) | 2.95 (0.71) | 2.96 (0.72) | 2.92 (0.77) | 2.95 (0.68) | 0.012b |
Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 8.48 (6.26) | 8.95 (6.34) | 9.73 (6.68) | 7.53 (5.81) | < 0.001b |
Loneliness, mean (SD) | 0.53 (0.94) | 0.58 (0.97) | 0.63 (1.00) | 0.44 (0.87) | < 0.001b |