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Table 1 Baseline descriptive statistics of variables

From: Healthy aging index and its link with relative education between individual and neighborhood: a population-based, cohort study

 

No. (%)

 

Characteristics

Baseline

(n = 11633)

Difference between individual and neighborhood education

P value

Ind. Edu. = Neighbor. Edu.

(n = 3222)

Ind. Edu. < Neighbor. Edu.

(n = 2952)

Ind. Edu. > Neighbor. Edu.

(n = 5459)

 

Women

6145 (52.82)

1893 (58.75)

2277 (77.13)

1975 (36.18)

< 0.001a

Age, mean (SD)

58.20 (8.91)

59.38 (8.59)

61.61 (9.23)

55.65 (8.12)

< 0.001b

Urban area of residence

4044 (34.76)

1027 (31.87)

1014 (34.35)

2003 (36.69)

< 0.001a

Individual education: years of schooling, mean (SD)

4.89 (4.15)

3.01 (2.33)

0.69 (1.33)

8.28 (3.06)

< 0.001b

Individual education

    

< 0.001a

 No formal education

3240 (27.85)

935 (29.02)

2305 (78.08)

0

 

 No formal education but can read and write

2157 (18.54)

1155 (35.85)

599 (20.29)

403 (7.38)

 

 Primary school

2507 (21.55)

989 (30.70)

48 (1.63)

1470 (26.93)

 

 Junior middle school

2421 (20.81)

143 (4.44)

0

2278 (41.73)

 

 High middle school/vocational school or above

1308 (11.24)

0

0

1308 (23.96)

 

Neighborhood education: years of schooling, mean (SD)

4.81(1.88)

4.47 (2.00)

4.91 (1.49)

4.97 (1.96)

< 0.001b

Neighborhood education

    

< 0.001a

 No formal education

1801 (15.48)

935 (29.02)

0

866 (15.86)

 

 No formal education but can read and write

5355 (46.03)

1155 (35.85)

1720 (58.27)

2480 (45.43)

 

 Primary school

4033 (34.67)

989 (30.70)

1147 (38.86)

1897 (34.75)

 

 Junior middle school

444 (3.82)

143 (4.44)

85 (2.88)

216 (3.96)

 

 High middle school/vocational school or above

0

0

0

0

 

Occupation

    

< 0.001a

 Unemployed

1985 (17.06)

599 (18.59)

570 (19.31)

816 (14.95)

 

 Agricultural workers

7137 (61.35)

2004 (62.20)

1796 (60.84)

3337 (61.13)

 

 Self-employed

905 (7.78)

218 (6.77)

225 (7.62)

462 (8.46)

 

 Managers and professionals

1606 (13.81)

401 (12.45)

361 (12.23)

844 (15.46)

 

Unmarried

2302 (19.79)

643 (19.96)

578 (19.58)

1081 (19.80)

0.933a

Frequency of drinking

    

< 0.001a

 Drink more than once a month

2975 (25.57)

738 (22.91)

408 (13.82)

1829 (33.50)

 

 Drink but less than once a month

913 (7.85)

245 (7.60)

174 (5.89)

494 (9.05)

 

 None

7745 (66.58)

2239 (69.49)

2370 (80.28)

3136 (57.45)

 

HAI, mean (SD)

48.94 (7.55)

47.99 (7.19)

46.49 (7.40)

50.83 (7.34)

< 0.001b

HAI trajectory

    

< 0.001a

 Low starting point and fast decline

1061 (9.12)

350 (10.86)

489 (16.57)

222 (4.07)

 

 Median starting point and slow decline

4720 (40.42)

1497 (46.46)

1456 (49.32)

1749 (32.04)

 

 High starting point and slow decline

4912 (42.22)

1204 (37.37)

917 (31.06)

2791 (51.13)

 

 High starting point with increase followed by decline

958 (8.24)

171 (5.31)

90 (3.05)

697 (12.77)

 

Healthy indicators

     

 Cognitive functions, mean (SD)

12.04 (6.31)

11.22 (6.04)

9.30 (5.55)

14.01 (6.19)

< 0.001b

 Social participations, mean (SD)

0.71 (0.90)

0.64 (0.81)

0.57 (0.72)

0.83 (1.01)

< 0.001b

 Number of outpatient visits, mean (SD)

0.41 (1.41)

0.40 (1.26)

0.38 (1.34)

0.42 (1.52)

0.417b

 Number of hospitalizations, mean (SD)

0.14 (0.59)

0.14 (0.55)

0.15 (0.72)

0.13 (0.54)

0.348b

 Number of chronic diseases, mean (SD)

1.36 (1.39)

1.40 (1.40)

1.48 (1.43)

1.26 (1.33)

< 0.001b

 Self-reported health, mean (SD)

3.01 (0.92)

3.00 (0.90)

3.03 (0.92)

3.01 (0.93)

0.224b

 Mobility, mean (SD)

12.36 (4.16)

12.79 (4.30)

13.60 (4.67)

11.44 (3.51)

< 0.001b

 ADLs, mean (SD)

6.41 (1.39)

6.50 (1.62)

6.55 (1.53)

6.28 (1.12)

< 0.001b

 IADLs, mean (SD)

5.73 (2.01)

5.84 (2.14)

6.18 (2.52)

5.42 (1.52)

< 0.001b

 Number of disabilities, mean (SD)

0.21 (0.52)

0.23 (0.55)

0.27 (0.57)

0.17 (0.47)

< 0.001b

 Long distance vision functions, mean (SD)

3.69 (0.99)

3.77 (0.97)

3.87 (0.98)

3.55 (0.99)

< 0.001b

 Near vision functions, mean (SD)

3.80 (0.93)

3.86 (0.90)

3.91 (0.92)

3.71 (0.94)

< 0.001b

 Hearing functions, mean (SD)

3.53 (0.94)

3.57 (0.93)

3.66 (0.93)

3.43 (0.93)

< 0.001b

 Life satisfaction, mean (SD)

2.95 (0.71)

2.96 (0.72)

2.92 (0.77)

2.95 (0.68)

0.012b

 Depressive symptoms, mean (SD)

8.48 (6.26)

8.95 (6.34)

9.73 (6.68)

7.53 (5.81)

< 0.001b

 Loneliness, mean (SD)

0.53 (0.94)

0.58 (0.97)

0.63 (1.00)

0.44 (0.87)

< 0.001b

  1. Ind. Edu. individual education, Neighbor. Edu. neighborhood education, HAI healthy aging index
  2. aP-value from χ2 test
  3. bP-value from one-way analysis of variance