Fig. 3

Association between neighborhood education with HAI and HAI trajectory, 2011–2018. Notes: Ind. Edu., individual education; Neighbor. Edu., neighborhood education; HAI, healthy aging index. Models were adjusted for age, gender, marital status, area of residence, occupation and frequency of drinking. ^aDifference between Ind. and Neighbor. Edu.: individual education equal to, lower, or higher than the neighborhood’s at the time of investigation. Association with HAI levels includes 43978 observations for each effect size. ^bHAI trajectories were grouped as low starting point and fast decline; median starting point and slow decline; high starting point and slow decline; and high starting point with increase followed by decline. The worst health condition group was regarded as reference group. Includes 11,633 observations for each effect size. ^cDifference between Ind. and Neighbor. Edu. during the follow-up period: individual education equal to, lower, or higher than the neighborhood’s for more than half of the time during follow-up. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01