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Table 1 Main characteristics of the study population (N = 753)

From: Risk factors of frailty and functional disability in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the FREEDOM-LNA cohort study

Characteristics

 

N (%)

Age

Mean ± SD

83.1 ± 5.8

Sex

Male

Female

244 (32.4)

509 (67.6)

Educationa

Low

Medium

High

451 (60.0)

127 (16.9)

174 (23.1)

Living arrangement

Living alone

405 (53.9)

Cardiovascular morbidities

Hypertension

Dyslipidaemia

Obesity

Diabetes

Smoking

Alcohol

548/735 (74.6)

363/733 (49.5)

197/729 (27.0)

151/732 (20.6)

100/731 (13.7)

28/732 (3.8)

Polymedication

≥ 5 medications / day

599/738 (81.2)

Nutritional status (MNA)

Mean ± SD

24.2 ± 3.7

Functional status

ADL

IADL

5.3 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 2.0

SMAF

-17.3 ± 11.6

Depressive symptoms

GDS > 9

302/634 (47.6)

Cognitive deficit

MMSE < 24

245/712 (34.4)

FRIED criteria

Weight loss

Low energy/exhaustion

Low grip strength

Low walking speed

Low physical activity

82 (10.9)

142 (18.9)

603 (80.1)

240 (31.9)

418 (55.5)

Frailty

Frail

Pre-frail

Robust

240 (31.9)

439 (58.3)

74 (9.8)

  1. Low: primary certificate level; Medium: Middle school, High: Secondary or high school