The effects of a combination of 3D virtual reality and hands-on horticultural activities on mastery, achievement motives, self-esteem, isolation and depression: a quasi-experimental study

Table 4 Results of GEE analyses on the 5 outcome variables

	GEE ^a coefficient (β)	SE	Wald χ²	P-value
Self-esteem
Group (experimental group) ^b	−0.04	0.84	0.02	0.963
Time (posttest) ^c	0.63	0.41	2.31	0.129
Group (experimental group) X time (posttest) ^d	2.18	0.77	7.96	0.005*
Depression
Group (experimental group) ^b	−0.15	0.14	1.21	0.272
Time (posttest) ^c	−0.88	0.43	4.22	0.040
Group (experimental group) X time (posttest) ^d	−0.02	0.50	0.002	0.963
Isolation
Group (experimental group) ^b	0.84	0.54	2.37	0.124
Time (posttest) ^c	0.04	0.30	0.20	0.886
Group (experimental group) X time (posttest) ^d	−0.82	0.43	3.73	0.053
Mastery
Group (experimental group) ^b	−0.62	0.75	0.68	0.411
Time (posttest) ^c	−0.35	0.54	0.41	0.521
Group (experimental group) X time (posttest) ^d	1.23	0.60	4.27	0.039*
Achievement Motives
Group (experimental group) ^b	0.75	0.99	0.58	0.447
Time (posttest) ^c	0.21	0.49	0.18	0.668
Group (experimental group) X time (posttest) ^d	1.15	0.66	3.00	0.083

Pretest score of depression was used as an adjustment for the GEE analyses. GEE analysis included age and gender as confounding controls
^aGEE generalized estimating equation
^bReference group (group): comparison group
^cReference group (time): pretest
^dReference group (group time): comparison group pretest

ISSN: 1471-2318