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Table 4 Generalized linear models of continuity of care on outpatient, hospitalization, and total healthcare costs in patients with dementia

From: Effects of continuity of care on hospitalizations and healthcare costs in older adults with dementia

Variables

Outpatient costs

(N = 68,543)

Hospitalization costs

(N = 67,130)

`Total costs

(N = 66,677)

exp(β)

95% CI

exp(β)

95% CI

exp(β)

95% CI

Patient characteristics

 High COCI (ref: Low COCI)a

0.960

(0.941 ~ 0.979)***

0.663

(0.614 ~ 0.717)***

0.962

(0.945 ~ 0.980)***

 Age

0.984

(0.982 ~ 0.985)***

1.088

(1.082 ~ 1.094)***

0.985

(0.983 ~ 0.986)***

 Male (ref: Female)

0.983

(0.963 ~ 1.003)

1.815

(1.677 ~ 1.964)***

0.988

(0.969 ~ 1.007)

 CCI Score (ref: 0)

  1

1.155

(1.125 ~ 1.185)***

1.323

(1.197 ~ 1.462)***

1.162

(1.134 ~ 1.191)***

  ≧2

1.269

(1.236 ~ 1.305)***

2.488

(2.239 ~ 2.762)***

1.287

(1.255 ~ 1.320)***

 Low income household status (ref: No)

0.838

(0.751 ~ 0.934)**

2.387

(1.557 ~ 3.658)***

0.872

(0.787 ~ 0.967)**

 Residence location (ref: North)

  Central

0.989

(0.965 ~ 1.014)

1.321

(1.197 ~ 1.459)***

0.999

(0.975 ~ 1.023)

  Southern

0.948

(0.925 ~ 0.971)***

1.340

(1.218 ~ 1.474)***

0.959

(0.938 ~ 0.982)***

  Eastern

1.058

(0.992 ~ 1.127)

2.597

(2.026 ~ 3.330)***

1.056

(0.994 ~ 1.121)

  Offshore islands

0.773

(0.653 ~ 0.916)**

0.380

(0.198 ~ 0.731)**

0.783

(0.669 ~ 0.917)**

 Previous year healthcare use

  OPD visits

1.015

(1.015 ~ 1.016)***

1.009

(1.007 ~ 1.010)***

1.016

(1.015 ~ 1.016)***

  Admission

0.951

(0.929 ~ 0.973)***

3.881

(3.543 ~ 4.250)***

0.976

(0.955 ~ 0.997)*

Facility characteristics

 Hospital accreditation level (ref: Medical center)

  Regional

0.861

(0.839 ~ 0.882)***

1.303

(1.179 ~ 1.439)***

0.861

(0.841 ~ 0.882)***

  District

0.824

(0.798 ~ 0.850)***

1.534

(1.357 ~ 1.733)***

0.840

(0.816 ~ 0.866)***

  Clinic

0.754

(0.731 ~ 0.776)***

0.952

(0.847 ~ 1.070)

0.752

(0.731 ~ 0.773)***

 Hospital Ownership (ref: Public)

  Private

1.071

(1.048 ~ 1.093)***

1.055

(0.972 ~ 1.145)

1.065

(1.044 ~ 1.085)***

  1. COCI Continuity of care index, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, OPD Outpatient department, DM Diabetes, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CI Confidence interval, ref Reference group. aLow COCI: COCI < 1; High COCI: COCI = 1
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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