Table 1 Characteristics of study analytic sample at study baseline (Year 2011)
Variable | Overall n = 2549 | Unimpaired n = 1640 | Cognitive impairment only n = 715 | Frailty only n = 90 | Cognitive impairment + Frailty n = 104 | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (s.d.) | 77.2 (7.4) | 75.5 (6.7) | 80.0 (7.8) | 79.3 (7.8) | 83.1 (7.2) |  < .001 |
Sex, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.057 |
 Female | 1449 (56.9) | 920 (56.1) | 401 (56.1) | 61 (67.8) | 67 (64.4) | |
 Male | 1100 (43.2) | 720 (43.9) | 314 (43.9) | 29 (32.2) | 37 (35.6) | |
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 White non-Hispanic | 1927 (75.6) | 1335 (81.4) | 475 (66.4) | 62 (68.9) | 55 (52.9) | |
 Black non-Hispanic | 448 (17.6) | 227 (13.8) | 165 (23.1) | 20 (22.2) | 36 (34.6) | |
 Hispanic | 100 (3.9) | 41 (2.5) | 46 (6.4) | ** | ** | |
 Other | 74 (2.9) | 37 (2.3) | 29 (4.1) | ** | ** | |
Education, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 8th grade or less | 237 (9.3) | 79 (4.8) | 118 (16.6) | 8 (8.9) | 32 (31.1) | |
 9th-12th grade (no diploma) | 285 (11.2) | 153 (9.4) | 94 (13.2) | 14 (15.6) | 24 (23.3) | |
 High school graduate or higher | 2019 (79.5) | 1404 (85.8) | 500 (70.2) | 68 (75.6) | 47 (45.6) | |
Income, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Less than $15,000 | 604 (23.7) | 294 (17.9) | 231 (32.3) | 31 (34.4) | 48 (46.2) | |
 $15,000—$30,000 | 643 (25.3) | 370 (22.6) | 214 (29.9) | 30 (33.3) | 29 (27.9) | |
 $30,000 – $60,000 | 700 (27.5) | 507 (30.9) | 160 (22.4) | 16 (17.8) | 17 (16.4) | |
 More than $60,000 | 602 (23.6) | 469 (28.6) | 110 (15.4) | 13 (14.4) | ** | |
BMI, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Underweight | 41 (1.7) | 14 (0.9) | 15 (2.2) | ** | ** | |
 Normal | 859 (34.8) | 512 (32.1) | 285 (41.4) | 27 (30.3) | 35 (35.7) | |
 Overweight | 926 (37.5) | 642 (40.2) | 230 (33.4) | 27 (30.3) | 27 (27.6) | |
 Obese | 645 (26.1) | 428 (26.8) | 158 (23.0) | 30 (33.7) | 29 (29.6) | |
 Probable dementia, n (%) | 197 (7.7) | 0 | 139 (19.4) | 0 | 58 (55.8) |  < .001 |
 History of heart disease, n (%) | 382 (15.0) | 242 (14.8) | 89 (12.5) | 27 (30.0) | 24 (23.1) |  < .001 |
 History of hypertension, n (%) | 1613 (63.3) | 1026 (62.6) | 449 (62.8) | 63 (70.0) | 75 (72.1) | 0.122 |
 History of arthritis, n (%) | 1322 (51.9) | 837 (51.1) | 345 (48.3) | 65 (72.2) | 75 (72.1) |  < .001 |
 History of osteoporosis, n (%) | 492 (19.4) | 310 (19.0) | 133 (18.7) | 24 (26.7) | 25 (24.0) | 0.204 |
 History of diabetes, n (%) | 513 (20.1) | 303 (18.5) | 155 (21.7) | 23 (25.6) | 32 (30.8) | 0.007 |
 History of lung disease, n (%) | 287 (11.3) | 178 (10.9) | 66 (9.2) | 23 (25.6) | 20 (19.2) |  < .001 |
 History of cancer, n (%) | 681 (26.7) | 468 (28.5) | 164 (22.9) | 25 (27.8) | 24 (23.1) | 0.031 |
 History of hip fracture, n (%) | 84 (3.3) | 35 (2.1) | 38 (5.3) | ** | ** |  < .001 |
Number of diseases, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 0 | 278 (10.9) | 194 (11.8) | 80 (11.2) | ** | ** | |
 1 | 580 (22.8) | 363 (22.1) | 193 (27.0) | 12 (13.3) | 12 (11.5) | |
 2 | 742 (29.1) | 496 (30.2) | 190 (26.6) | 21 (23.3) | 35 (33.7) | |
 3 | 575 (22.6) | 356 (21.7) | 164 (22.9) | 26 (28.9) | 29 (27.9) | |
 4 +  | 374 (14.7) | 231 (14.1) | 88 (12.3) | 28 (31.1) | 27 (26.0) | |
Activities of daily living (ADLs), n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Fully able for all activities | 1113 (43.7) | 807 (49.2) | 269 (37.6) | 17 (18.9) | 20 (19.2) | |
 Modification in any activity | 1162 (45.6) | 738 (45.0) | 342 (47.8) | 44 (48.9) | 38 (36.5) | |
 Difficulty in any activity | 94 (3.7) | 47 (2.9) | 29 (4.1) | ** | ** | |
 Assistance in any activity | 180 (7.1) | 48 (2.9) | 75 (10.5) | 19 (21.1) | 38 (36.5) | |
 Mobility disability, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < .001 |
 Fully able for all activities | 1860 (73.0) | 1352 (82.4) | 468 (65.5) | 20 (22.2) | 20 (19.2) | |
 Modification in any activity | 376 (14.8) | 199 (12.1) | 128 (17.9) | 27 (30.0) | 22 (21.2) | |
 Difficulty in any activity | 109 (4.3) | 45 (2.7) | 35 (4.9) | 15 (16.7) | 14 (13.5) | |
 Assistance in any activity | 204 (8.0) | 44 (2.7) | 84 (11.8) | 28 (31.1) | 48 (46.2) |