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Table 2 Factors related to loneliness among the community-based older people by linear regression

From: Loneliness, loneliness literacy, and change in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults: a cross-sectional study

Variables

B

SE

P value

95% C.I

Constant

17.199

1.657

0.000

13.944

20.455

Region: Middle-North

0.282

0.371

0.447

-0.446

1.010

Region: Middle

-0.438

0.351

0.212

-1.126

0.251

Region: Middle-South

-0.378

0.367

0.304

-1.100

0.343

Region: South

0.399

0.366

0.277

-0.321

1.118

Region: East

-0.044

0.603

0.942

-1.227

1.140

Living area (rural)

-0.183

0.287

0.525

-0.747

0.381

Age (> = 75)

-0.422

0.265

0.112

-0.943

0.098

Sex (male)

-0.432

0.289

0.136

-1.000

0.137

Marital status (having spouse)

-0.515

0.310

0.097

-1.123

0.137

Education

0.093

0.105

0.376

-0.113

0.093

Financial satisfaction

-0.402

0.137

0.003

-0.670

-0.134

Living arrangement (alone)

0.239

0.431

0.579

-0.608

1.087

Self-rated health

-0.217

0.124

0.081

-0.461

0.027

Physical function difficulties

0.315

0.108

0.004

0.102

0.528

Smoking (yes)

0.406

0.560

0.469

-0.694

1.505

Drinking (yes)

0.333

0.401

0.407

-0.455

1.121

Physical activity (regular)

0.437

0.269

0.105

-0.092

0.966

Loneliness literacy: self-efficacy

-0.638

0.277

0.021

-1.181

-0.095

Loneliness literacy: social support

-0.146

0.163

0.370

-0.465

0.173

Loneliness literacy: socialization

0.117

0.185

0.528

-0.246

-1.113

Loneliness literacy: in-home support

-0.184

0.036

0.000

-0.254

-0.113

Problem-focused coping strategies

0.187

0.043

0.000

0.102

0.272

Emotion-focused coping strategies

0.171

0.054

0.002

0.066

0.277

Work (yes)

0.042

0.365

0.908

-0.675

0.759

Family care (yes)

-0.250

0.255

0.328

-0.752

0.251

Social group participation (yes)

-0.561

0.270

0.038

-1.091

-0.031

Family social contact (high)

-0.111

1.119

0.921

-2.308

2.086

Satisfaction of family support

-1.169

0.166

0.000

-1.494

-0.843

Satisfaction of friends support

-0.187

0.120

0.121

-0.424

0.049

Using Internet (yes)

-0.152

0.275

0.579

-0.692

0.387

Having pets (yes)

-0.041

0.346

0.905

-0.721

0.638

Physically active leisure (yes)

-0.222

0.275

0.420

-0.763

0.319

Sedentary leisure (yes)

0.323

0.280

0.249

-0.226

0.873

Model Fit

R2 = 0.329

   
  1. Note: Analysis by linear regression. The reference group: Loneliness during COVID-19 (no change or reduced), region (north), living area (urban), age (65–74), sex (female), marital status (no spouse), living arrangement (with others), smoking (no), drinking (no), physical activity (less than 150 min per week), work (no), family care (no), social group participation (no), family social contacts (low), using internet (less than once per week), having pet (no), physically active leisure (no), and sedentary leisure (no). Other variables were ordinal or continuous. The constant term was omitted in the table