Table 1 Description of the sample characteristics
Variables | Mean (SD) or % |
|---|---|
Demographics | |
Age | 73.74 (6.11) |
65–74 years old | 63.8% |
75 years old and above | 36.2% |
Sex | |
Females | 54.4% |
Males | 45.6% |
Marital status | |
No spouse | 29.2% |
Having spouse | 70.8% |
Education (0 ~ 5) | 2.46 (1.34) |
Religion belief | |
No | 14.6% |
Yes | 85.4% |
Financial satisfaction (1 ~ 5) | 3.61 (0.94) |
Living arrangement | |
Alone | 11.6% |
With others | 88.4% |
Regions | |
North: Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung | 31.3% |
Middle-North: Taoyuna, Hsinchu, Miaolee | 13.6% |
Middle: Taichung, Changhwa, Nantou | 18.2% |
Middle-South: Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan | 20.5% |
South: Kaohsiung, Pingtung | 16.4% |
East: Yilan, Hwalien, Taitung | 5.0% |
Residency | |
Urban | 70.7% |
Rural | 29.3% |
Health and health behaviors | |
Self-rated health (1 ~ 5) | 3.32 (1.13) |
Physical function difficulty (0 ~ 9) | 0.56 (1.52) |
Vision (clear %) | 85.1% |
Hearing (clear %) | 92.9% |
Regular physical activity | |
No | 36.9% |
Yes | 63.1% |
Smoking | |
Never | 81.0% |
Quitted | 12.1% |
Smoking | 7.0% |
Drinking frequency (0 ~ 4) | |
Never | 81.0% |
Seldom | 12.1% |
Sometimes | 7.0% |
Always | 0.0% |
Depressive symptoms (0 ~ 30) | 5.48 (5.53) |
Yes (score > = 8) | 27.3% |
No (score < 8) | 72.7% |
Coping strategies | |
Problem-focused coping | 10.42 (3.03) |
Emotion-focused coping | 6.69 (2.32) |
Life satisfaction (1 ~ 5) | 4.10 (0.85) |
Low or fair | 12.3% |
High | 87.7% |
Social support, social participation, and leisure | |
Working (yes %) | 11.4% |
Family contacts (> = 1/week) | 90.4% |
Friends or neighbor contact (> = 1/week) | 84.9% |
Satisfaction of family support (0 ~ 5) | 4.25 (0.85) |
Satisfaction of friends/neighbors support (0 ~ 5) | 3.86 (1.19) |
Using Internet (at least once per week) | 61.2% |
Having pets (yes) | 13.3% |
Family care (care of family or children) (yes) | 30.3% |
Participating in volunteers or social groups (yes) | 30.3% |
Physically active leisure (yes) | 28.0% |
Sedentary leisure (yes | 61.2% |
Loneliness | |
Loneliness total score (6 ~ 24) | 8.01 (3.28) |
Positive effect of loneliness (1 ~ 5) | 3.00 (1.10) |
Loneliness literacy total score | 16.48 (10.74) |
Dimension: Self-efficacy | 3.84 (0.65) |
Dimension: Social Support | 4.82 (9.92) |
Dimension: In-home Support | 4.08 (3.76) |
Dimension: Socialization | 3.69 (0.74) |
Influence of COVID-19 | |
Change of social participation or social interaction due to COVID-19 | |
Reduced a little or a lot | 61.1% |
No change | 37.7% |
Increased a little or a lot | 1.1% |
Change in loneliness due to COVID-19 | |
Reduced | 1.0% |
No change | 72.6% |
Increased | 26.4% |
Worried or afraid because of COVID-19 (1 ~ 4) | 1.50 (0.83) |
Experience in quarantine of COVID-19 (yes) | 0.9% |