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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants stratified by cognitive trajectory group

From: Effects of cognitive ageing trajectories on multiple adverse outcomes among Chinese community-dwelling elderly population

  

Cognitive Trajectory Pattern

  

Characteristics

Overall

(n = 3581)

steadily decreasing

(n = 3391)

rapidly decreasing (n = 190)

Effect Size

P Value

Age, y

70.7 ± 6.5

70.5 ± 6.6

73.4 ± 4.5

0.4

< 0.001

Age group

   

0.1

< 0.001

 55–64 years

804 (22.5)

797 (23.5)

7 (3.7)

  

 65–74 years

1731 (48.3)

1633 (48.2)

98 (51.6)

  

 75–79 years

739 (20.6)

667 (19.7)

72 (37.9)

  

  > =80 years

307 (8.6)

294 (8.7)

13 (6.8)

  

Female

2179 (60.8)

2032 (59.9)

147 (77.4)

0.1

< 0.001

Education level

   

0.2

< 0.001

 Primary school or lower

1202 (33.6)

1045 (30.8)

157 (82.6)

  

 Middle or high school

1805 (50.4)

1779 (52.5)

26 (13.7)

  

 University or higher

574 (16.0)

567 (16.7)

7 (3.7)

  

Occupation

   

0.1

< 0.001

 Unemployed

1648 (46.0)

1567 (46.2)

81 (42.6)

  

 Worker or farmer

1309 (36.6)

1214 (35.8)

95 (50.0)

  

 Professional technician or others

623 (17.4)

609 (18.0)

14 (7.4)

  

Marital status

   

0.1

< 0.001

 Married or partnered

2950 (82.4)

2816 (83.0)

134 (70.5)

  

 Never married or non-partnered

631 (17.6)

575 (17.0)

56 (29.5)

  

Residence type

   

–

0.311

 Living with others

3318 (92.7)

3146 (92.8)

172 (90.5)

  

 Living alone

263 (7.3)

245 (7.2)

18 (9.5)

  

Smoking status

   

–

0.489

 Never or former smoking

3156 (88.2)

2992 (88.3)

164 (86.3)

  

 Current smoking

424 (11.8)

398 (11.7)

26 (13.7)

  

Drinking status

   

0.04

0.011

 Never or former drinking

3181 (88.9)

3001 (88.5)

180 (94.7)

  

 Current drinking

399 (11.1)

389 (11.5)

10 (5.3)

  

Physical activity

   

–

0.628

  < = 30 minutes/day

949 (26.5)

902 (26.6)

47 (24.7)

  

  >  30 minutes/day

2631 (73.5)

2488 (73.4)

143 (75.3)

  

Sleeping habits

   

0.03

0.049

  > = 6 hours

2967 (82.9)

2820 (83.2)

147 (77.4)

  

  < 6 hours

613 (17.1)

570 (16.8)

43 (22.6)

  

Overweight or obese

2258 (63.1)

2129 (62.8)

129 (67.9)

–

0.183

Family history of dementia

65 (1.9)

64 (1.9)

1 (0.5)

–

0.269

Stroke

404 (11.3)

375 (11.1)

29 (15.3)

–

0.096

CHD

596 (16.6)

570 (16.8)

26 (13.7)

–

0.305

Hypertension

1486 (41.5)

1397 (41.2)

89 (46.8)

–

0.144

Diabetes

932 (26.0)

869 (25.6)

63 (33.2)

0.04

0.027

Hyperlipidemia

1566 (43.7)

1473 (43.4)

93 (48.9)

–

0.157

Hyperuricemia

731 (20.4)

684 (20.2)

47 (24.7)

–

0.154

Visual impairment

1594 (44.7)

1496 (44.3)

98 (51.9)

–

0.050

Hearing impairment

1332 (37.3)

1244 (36.8)

88 (46.6)

0.04

0.009

Anemia

83 (2.3)

76 (2.2)

7 (3.7)

–

0.297

Malnourished or at risk of malnutrition

352 (9.8)

327 (9.6)

25 (13.2)

–

0.146

Depression

195 (5.4)

181 (5.3)

14 (7.4)

–

0.300

RBD

107 (3.0)

94 (2.8)

13 (7.0)

0.1

0.002

ADL disability

186 (5.2)

159 (4.7)

27 (14.2)

0.2

< 0.001

IADL disability

404 (11.5)

339 (10.2)

65 (34.9)

0.2

< 0.001

Balance impairment

281 (7.8)

242 (7.1)

39 (20.5)

0.1

< 0.001

At high fall risk

79 (2.2)

68 (2.0)

11 (5.8)

0.1

0.001

Frailty

168 (4.7)

147 (4.3)

21 (11.1)

0.1

< 0.001

MMSE score

27.9 ± 2.5

28.1 ± 2.3

24.3 ± 2.9

1.7

< 0.001

GDS score

2.8 ± 2.4

2.8 ± 2.4

3.2 ± 2.7

0.2

0.008

ADL score

10.2 ± 1.8

10.2 ± 1.6

10.8 ± 4.0

0.4

< 0.001

IADL score

8.7 ± 2.6

8.5 ± 2.2

10.7 ± 5.5

0.9

< 0.001

Frailty index

0.1 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.1

0.4

< 0.001

Tinetti gait score

11.5 ± 1.6

11.5 ± 1.5

10.8 ± 2.5

0.4

< 0.001

Tinetti balance score

15.2 ± 2.1

15.2 ± 2.0

14.2 ± 3.2

0.5

< 0.001

Tinetti total score

26.7 ± 3.4

26.7 ± 3.2

25.1 ± 5.4

0.5

< 0.001

RBD score

3.6 ± 6.3

3.5 ± 6.2

5.5 ± 7.6

0.3

< 0.001

  1. The effect sizes for significant differences were presented with Cohen’s d for t-test; Φ (Phi) for Chi-square test with a 2 × 2 contingency table; and Cramer’s V for Chi-square test with a table larger than a 2 × 2 contingency table. Abbreviations: ADL activities of daily living, CHD coronary heart disease, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MCR motor cognitive risk syndrome, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, RBD rapid eye movement behavior disorders