|  | Cognitive Trajectory Pattern |  |  | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Overall (n = 3581) | steadily decreasing (n = 3391) | rapidly decreasing (n = 190) | Effect Size | P Value |
Age, y | 70.7 ± 6.5 | 70.5 ± 6.6 | 73.4 ± 4.5 | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Age group |  |  |  | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
 55–64 years | 804 (22.5) | 797 (23.5) | 7 (3.7) |  |  |
 65–74 years | 1731 (48.3) | 1633 (48.2) | 98 (51.6) |  |  |
 75–79 years | 739 (20.6) | 667 (19.7) | 72 (37.9) |  |  |
  > =80 years | 307 (8.6) | 294 (8.7) | 13 (6.8) |  |  |
Female | 2179 (60.8) | 2032 (59.9) | 147 (77.4) | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Education level |  |  |  | 0.2 | < 0.001 |
 Primary school or lower | 1202 (33.6) | 1045 (30.8) | 157 (82.6) |  |  |
 Middle or high school | 1805 (50.4) | 1779 (52.5) | 26 (13.7) |  |  |
 University or higher | 574 (16.0) | 567 (16.7) | 7 (3.7) |  |  |
Occupation |  |  |  | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
 Unemployed | 1648 (46.0) | 1567 (46.2) | 81 (42.6) |  |  |
 Worker or farmer | 1309 (36.6) | 1214 (35.8) | 95 (50.0) |  |  |
 Professional technician or others | 623 (17.4) | 609 (18.0) | 14 (7.4) |  |  |
Marital status |  |  |  | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
 Married or partnered | 2950 (82.4) | 2816 (83.0) | 134 (70.5) |  |  |
 Never married or non-partnered | 631 (17.6) | 575 (17.0) | 56 (29.5) |  |  |
Residence type |  |  |  | – | 0.311 |
 Living with others | 3318 (92.7) | 3146 (92.8) | 172 (90.5) |  |  |
 Living alone | 263 (7.3) | 245 (7.2) | 18 (9.5) |  |  |
Smoking status |  |  |  | – | 0.489 |
 Never or former smoking | 3156 (88.2) | 2992 (88.3) | 164 (86.3) |  |  |
 Current smoking | 424 (11.8) | 398 (11.7) | 26 (13.7) |  |  |
Drinking status | Â | Â | Â | 0.04 | 0.011 |
 Never or former drinking | 3181 (88.9) | 3001 (88.5) | 180 (94.7) |  |  |
 Current drinking | 399 (11.1) | 389 (11.5) | 10 (5.3) |  |  |
Physical activity |  |  |  | – | 0.628 |
  < = 30 minutes/day | 949 (26.5) | 902 (26.6) | 47 (24.7) |  |  |
  >  30 minutes/day | 2631 (73.5) | 2488 (73.4) | 143 (75.3) |  |  |
Sleeping habits | Â | Â | Â | 0.03 | 0.049 |
  > = 6 hours | 2967 (82.9) | 2820 (83.2) | 147 (77.4) |  |  |
  < 6 hours | 613 (17.1) | 570 (16.8) | 43 (22.6) |  |  |
Overweight or obese | 2258 (63.1) | 2129 (62.8) | 129 (67.9) | – | 0.183 |
Family history of dementia | 65 (1.9) | 64 (1.9) | 1 (0.5) | – | 0.269 |
Stroke | 404 (11.3) | 375 (11.1) | 29 (15.3) | – | 0.096 |
CHD | 596 (16.6) | 570 (16.8) | 26 (13.7) | – | 0.305 |
Hypertension | 1486 (41.5) | 1397 (41.2) | 89 (46.8) | – | 0.144 |
Diabetes | 932 (26.0) | 869 (25.6) | 63 (33.2) | 0.04 | 0.027 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1566 (43.7) | 1473 (43.4) | 93 (48.9) | – | 0.157 |
Hyperuricemia | 731 (20.4) | 684 (20.2) | 47 (24.7) | – | 0.154 |
Visual impairment | 1594 (44.7) | 1496 (44.3) | 98 (51.9) | – | 0.050 |
Hearing impairment | 1332 (37.3) | 1244 (36.8) | 88 (46.6) | 0.04 | 0.009 |
Anemia | 83 (2.3) | 76 (2.2) | 7 (3.7) | – | 0.297 |
Malnourished or at risk of malnutrition | 352 (9.8) | 327 (9.6) | 25 (13.2) | – | 0.146 |
Depression | 195 (5.4) | 181 (5.3) | 14 (7.4) | – | 0.300 |
RBD | 107 (3.0) | 94 (2.8) | 13 (7.0) | 0.1 | 0.002 |
ADL disability | 186 (5.2) | 159 (4.7) | 27 (14.2) | 0.2 | < 0.001 |
IADL disability | 404 (11.5) | 339 (10.2) | 65 (34.9) | 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Balance impairment | 281 (7.8) | 242 (7.1) | 39 (20.5) | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
At high fall risk | 79 (2.2) | 68 (2.0) | 11 (5.8) | 0.1 | 0.001 |
Frailty | 168 (4.7) | 147 (4.3) | 21 (11.1) | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
MMSE score | 27.9 ± 2.5 | 28.1 ± 2.3 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 1.7 | < 0.001 |
GDS score | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.008 |
ADL score | 10.2 ± 1.8 | 10.2 ± 1.6 | 10.8 ± 4.0 | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
IADL score | 8.7 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 10.7 ± 5.5 | 0.9 | < 0.001 |
Frailty index | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Tinetti gait score | 11.5 ± 1.6 | 11.5 ± 1.5 | 10.8 ± 2.5 | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Tinetti balance score | 15.2 ± 2.1 | 15.2 ± 2.0 | 14.2 ± 3.2 | 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Tinetti total score | 26.7 ± 3.4 | 26.7 ± 3.2 | 25.1 ± 5.4 | 0.5 | < 0.001 |
RBD score | 3.6 ± 6.3 | 3.5 ± 6.2 | 5.5 ± 7.6 | 0.3 | < 0.001 |