Fig. 2
Analysis of the lagged association of frailty predicting visual impairment by generalized estimating equations. Note. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were reported here. Model 1: independent variables of interest. Model 2: Model 1+ demographic covariates (age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, living arrangement) Model 3: Model 2 + health related covariates (smoking, BMI, vigorous activity, number of chronic illnesses, hospitalization, pain, depression)