Table 1 Participant characteristics between handgrip strength groups
Total | Normal & Symmetric HGS | Normal & Asymmetric HGS | Low & Symmetric HGS | Low & Asymmetric HGS | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 330 | 124 | 112 | 54 | 40 | |
Age, years | 71.4 (8.4) | 69.8 (8) | 69.3 (7.8) | 76.2 (8) | 76.1 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
Chinese, n (%) | 107 (86.3) | 107 (86.3) | 101 (90.2) | 44 (81.5) | 36 (90.0) | 0.414 |
Women, n (%) | 182 (55.2) | 65 (52.4) | 69 (61.6) | 31 (57.4) | 17 (42.5) | 0.175 |
HGS, kg | 25.7 (8.0) | 28.6 (7.3) | 28.1 (7.6) | 18.2 (4.5) | 19.8 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
HGS Ratio, | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.97 (0.05) | 0.86 (0.15) | 0.97 (0.05) | 0.91 (0.26) | < 0.001 |
Right hand dominant, n (%) | 317 (96.1) | 116 (93.5) | 110 (98.2) | 51 (94.4) | 40 (100.0) | 0.141 |
No. of comorbidities | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.198 |
Obesity, n (%) | 58 (17.6) | 20 (16.1) | 25 (22.3) | 7 (13.0) | 6 (15.0) | 0.408 |
Cigarette smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
Never-smoked | 259 (78.5) | 93 (75.0) | 92 (82.1) | 43 (79.6) | 31 (77.5) | 0.602 |
Ex-smoker | 46 (13.9) | 21 (16.9) | 10 (8.9) | 8 (14.8) | 7 (17.5) | |
Current-smoker | 25 (7.6) | 10 (8.1) | 10 (8.9) | 3 (5.6) | 2 (5.0) | |
Education level, n (%) | ||||||
Primary | 164 (49.7) | 55 (44.4) | 57 (50.9) | 30 (55.6) | 22 (55.0) | 0.586 |
Secondary | 131 (39.7) | 52 (41.9) | 45 (40.2) | 18 (33.3) | 16 (40.0) | |
Tertiary | 35 (10.6) | 17 (13.7) | 10 (8.9) | 6 (11.1) | 2 (5.0) | |
MVPA participation, n (%) | 215 (65.2) | 79 (63.7) | 80 (71.4) | 33 (61.1) | 23 (57.5) | 0.324 |
Self-rated health, n (%) | ||||||
Poor | 4 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0.046 |
Fair | 38 (11.5) | 11 (8.9) | 15 (13.4) | 6 (11.1) | 6 (15.0) | |
Good | 204 (61.8) | 87 (70.2) | 69 (61.6) | 28 (51.9) | 20 (50.0) | |
Very Good | 66 (20.0) | 22 (17.7) | 23 (20.5) | 14 (25.9) | 7 (17.5) | |
Excellent | 18 (5.5) | 3 (2.4) | 3 (2.7) | 6 (11.1) | 6 (15.0) | |