Table 2 Descriptions of cognitive symptoms, medications, and comorbidities at t0 (N = 433)
Cognitive impairment, abilities, and symptoms | ||||
  MMSE sum score at t0 | Mean ± SD (range) | 19.5 ± 4.7 (10–30) | ||
  MMSE dementia severity at t0 | Score of 10–17 (moderate) | 37.6% (n = 163) | ||
Score of 18–23 (mild) | 41.3% (n = 179) | |||
Score of 24–30 (MCI) | 21.1% (n = 91) | |||
  MoCA sum score (n = 91) | Mean ± SD (range) | 18.0 ± 2.6 (10–22) | ||
  Dementia diagnosis | yes | 65.1% (n = 282) | ||
Comorbidities and multimorbidity | ||||
  Number of comorbidities in addition to dementia or MCI | Mean ± SD (range; modus) | 2.5 ± 1.7 (0–8; 2) | ||
  Updated Charlson Comorbidity Index | Mean ± SD (range; modus) | 2.3 ± 1.6 (0–8; 2) | ||
  FCI score | Mean ± SD (range) | 1.7 ± 1.4 (0–6) | ||
  History of diseases with high risk of falls | yes | 13.6% (n = 59) | ||
  Care level at t0 | Care level 1 (%) | 4.8% | ||
Care level 2 (%) | 22.6% | |||
Care level 3 (%) | 49.0% | |||
Care level 4 (%) | 22.6% | |||
Care level 5 (%) | 0.9% | |||
Medication | ||||
  Total number of drugs | Mean ± SD (range) | 5.2 ± 3.1 (0–15) | ||
  Psychiatric drugs | Anti-dementia drugs | Number | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.3 ± 0.5 (0–2) |
Dichotomous (yes/no) | yes | 30.9% | ||
Memantine (yes/no) | yes | 13.2% | ||
ACH inhibitor (yes/no) | yes | 17.1% | ||
Ginkgo biloba (yes/no) | yes | 2.5% | ||
Non-anti-dementia drugs | Number | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.7 ± 0.9 (0–4) | |
  CNS depressant drugs | Dichotomous (yes/no) | yes | 52.7% | |
Number | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.8 ± 1.0 (0–6) | ||
CNS depressant score | Mean ± SD (range) | -1.2 ± 1.6 (-10–1) | ||
  Drugs with anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) | Dichotomous (yes/no) | yes | 43.6% (yes) | |
Number | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.6 ± 0.8 (0–5) | ||
ACB score | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.9 ± 1.4 (0–9) | ||
ACB score of ≥ 3 (yes/no) | yes | 16.2% | ||
  PRISCUS list drugs/PIM | Dichotomous (yes/no) | yes | 15.9% | |
Sum score (number) | Mean ± SD (range) | 0.2 ± 0.4 (0–2) | ||