Table 1 Characteristics of observations in the cases (i.e., living alone with cognitive impairment) and the comparators (original and matched, i.e., living with others and with normal cognition) in CHARLS 2011–2018
Before Propensity Score Matching | After Propensity Score Matching | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case (n = 909) | Original comparators (n = 37,432) | P value | SMD | Case (n = 573) | Matched comparators (n = 900) | P value | SMD | |
Covariates | ||||||||
Wave | < 0.001 | 0.442 | 0.942 | 0.033 | ||||
1 | 189 (20.8) | 9932 (26.5) | 166 (29.0) | 259 (28.8) | ||||
2 | 128 (14.1) | 8503 (22.7) | 102 (17.8) | 151 (16.8) | ||||
4 | 159 (17.5) | 8857 (23.7) | 106 (18.5) | 175 (19.4) | ||||
5 | 433 (47.6) | 10,140 (27.1) | 199 (34.7) | 315 (35.0) | ||||
Age, years | 71.9 ± 9.5 | 58.1 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 | 1.524 | 69.5 ± 9.6 | 67.8 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 | 0.180 |
Middle-aged adults (45–59, years) | 93 (10.2) | 22,004 (58.8) | < 0.001 | 1.188 | 85 (14.8) | 182 (20.2) | 0.011 | 0.142 |
Older adults (≥ 60, years) | 816 (89.8) | 15,428 (41.2) | 488 (85.2) | 718 (79.8) | ||||
Sex | < 0.001 | 0.445 | 0.867 | 0.012 | ||||
Female | 623 (68.5) | 17,632 (47.1) | 370 (64.6) | 576 (64.0) | ||||
Male | 286 (31.5) | 19,800 (52.9) | 203 (35.4) | 324 (36.0) | ||||
Marital status | < 0.001 | 4.177 | 0.264 | 0.066 | ||||
Currently married | 39 (4.3) | 35,365 (94.5) | 39 (6.8) | 77 (8.6) | ||||
Others | 870 (95.7) | 2067 (5.5) | 534 (93.2) | 823 (91.4) | ||||
Residence areas | < 0.001 | 0.469 | 0.103 | 0.091 | ||||
Rural | 744 (81.8) | 22,932 (61.3) | 433 (75.6) | 644 (71.6) | ||||
Others | 165 (18.2) | 14,500 (38.7) | 140 (24.4) | 256 (28.4) | ||||
Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | 0.253 | 0.737 | 0.021 | ||||
Non-drinker | 615 (67.7) | 20,751 (55.4) | 368 (64.2) | 587 (65.2) | ||||
Drinker | 294 (32.3) | 16,681 (44.6) | 205 (35.8) | 313 (34.8) | ||||
Smoking status | < 0.001 | 0.182 | 0.836 | 0.032 | ||||
Non-smoker | 580 (63.8) | 20,560 (54.9) | 361 (63.0) | 562 (62.4) | ||||
Ever smoker | 133 (14.6) | 6584 (17.6) | 79 (13.8) | 118 (13.1) | ||||
Current smoker | 196 (21.6) | 10,288 (27.5) | 133 (23.2) | 220 (24.4) | ||||
Education | < 0.001 | 1.378 | 0.003 | 0.162 | ||||
No schooling | 640 (70.4) | 5366 (14.3) | 320 (55.8) | 430 (47.8) | ||||
Primary school or more | 269 (29.6) | 32,066 (85.7) | 253 (44.2) | 470 (52.2) | ||||
Disease counts | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.206 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 0.262 | 0.067 |
0 | 195 (21.5) | 10,313 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 0.213 | 134 (23.4) | 205 (22.8) | 0.077 | 0.139 |
1 | 269 (29.6) | 11,248 (30.0) | 171 (29.8) | 299 (33.2) | ||||
2 | 181 (19.9) | 8129 (21.7) | 108 (18.8) | 194 (21.6) | ||||
≥ 3 | 264 (29.0) | 7742 (20.7) | 160 (27.9) | 202 (22.4) | ||||
Outcomes | ||||||||
Catastrophic health expenditure | 0.229 | ─ | < 0.001 | ─ | ||||
Yes | 179 (19.7) | 6768 (18.1) | 112 (19.5) | 106 (11.8) | ||||
No | 730 (80.3) | 30,664 (81.9) | 461 (80.5) | 794 (88.2) | ||||