Table 5 Range of interventions and specific study characteristics

Intervention target

Interventions

Number of studies

Citations

Environment/Setting of mealtimes

Buffet-Style Dining Program; Household dining; Enabling Person-Centred Mealtime Experiences in Residential Care Homes; Dining Environment Audit Protocol; Dining Space Renovation; CHOICE + Program; Dining space allocation; CHOICE Program

10

Andreoli 2007 [49]; Bowers 2014 [54]; Caspar 2021 [97]; Chaudhury 2017b [82]; Hung 2016 [88]; De Wit 2020 [124]; Keller 2021 [96]; Maluf 2020 [24]; Wu 2018 [94]

Care staff lead interventions

Training for resident quality of life; Best practice for residents with oro-pharyngeal dysphagia; Dining Assistance Program; Implementing Best Practice Guidelines; Feasible and Sustainable Culture Change Initiative (FASCCI) Model; Enabling Person-Centred Mealtime Experiences in Residential Care Homes; Educational Program for Food Service Providers; Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation approach; Paid Feeding Assistants; Making the Most of Mealtimes (M3); Protected mealtimes;

11

Anderson and Blair 2021 [156]; Ballesteros-Pomar 2020 [21]; Bertrand 2011 [53]; Byles 2009 [150]; Caspar 2020 [83]; Caspar 2021 [97]; Matwiejczyk 2018 [142]; Park 2021; Remsburg 2004 [73]; Trinca 2021 [98]; Ullrich 2011 [139]; Watkins 2019 [115]

Interventions for resident engagement, autonomy, choice

Buffet-Style Dining Program; The Taste Buddies; Enabling Person-Centred Mealtime Experiences in Residential Care Homes; FoodEx-LTC; Giving Choice of Mealtimes; Empower with Choice Program; Making the Most of Mealtimes (M3)

7

Andreoli 2007 [49]; Baur and Abma 2012 [116]; Caspar 2021 [97]; Evans and Crogan 2005 [12]; McDonnell 2010 [70]; Mikula and Vanaman 2008 [71]; Morrison-Koechl 2021 [99]; Watkins 2019 [115]

Multidisciplinary mealtime interventions

Speech Pathology Services in Residential Aged-Care Facilities; Mealtime Screening Tool;

2

Sewell and Hopf 2020 [148]; Steele 1997 [91]

Menu interventions

Best practice for residents with oro-pharyngeal dysphagia; Implementation of Nutrition Guidelines

2

Ballesteros-Pomar 2020 [21]; Bamford 2012 [108]

Specific study characteristics

Number of studies

Citations

Dementia

26

Anderson 2016 [100]; Aselage 2011 [7]; Beattie 2014 [131]; Chang and Roberts 2008 [129]; Chaudhury 2017a [81]; Roder-Allen 2003 [145]; Henkusens 2014 [86]; Hines 2010 [20]; Hung and Chaudhury 2011 [87]; Kayser-Jones 1982 [28]; Milte 2017 [137]; Murphy 2017 [111]; Nell 2016 [128]; Perivolaris 2006 [90]; Roberts 2011 [74]; Stone 2014 [112]; Way 2011 [92]; Wu 2015 [95]; De Wit 2020 [124]; Maluf 2020 [24]; Keller 2021 [96]; Caspar 2021 [97]; Trinca 2021 [98]; Anderson and Annaliese 2021; Morrison-Koechl 2021 [99]; Sewell and Hopf 2020 [148]

Cognitive Impairment

3

Carrier 2009 [1]; Kayser-Jones and Schell 1997b [68]; Morrison-Koechl 2021 [99]

Dysphagia

2

Shune and Linville 2019 [30]; Ballesteros-Pomar 2020 [21]