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Table 2 Association of hearing loss with GDS-15 scores and depressive symptoms

From: Hearing loss and depressive symptoms in older Chinese: whether social isolation plays a role

Hearing status

Crude model

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

Outcome = GDS scores, β (95% CI)

Good

Ref (0.00)

Ref (0.00)

Ref (0.00)

Ref (0.00)

Fair

0.74 (0.63, 0.85)***

0.67 (0.56, 0.78)***

0.59 (0.48, 0.69)***

0.58 (0.47, 0.68)***

Poor

1.22 (1.02, 1.42)***

1.01 (0.80, 1.21)***

0.74 (0.54, 0.94)***

0.69 (0.50, 0.89)***

 

Outcome = Depressive symptoms, OR (95% CI)

Good

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

Fair

1.89 (1.61, 2.21)***

1.79 (1.52, 2.10)***

1.68 (1.43, 1.99)***

1.66 (1.41, 1.97)***

Poor

3.16 (2.50, 4.00)***

2.64 (2.07, 3.38)***

2.13 (1.65,2.74)***

2.05 (1.59, 2.64)***

  1. Ref Reference, CI Confidence interval, GDS-15 the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, OR Odds ratio
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, income, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol use
  3. Model 2: additionally adjusted for self-rated health, comorbidities
  4. Model 3: additionally adjusted for social isolation
  5. ***P < 0.001