Table 1 Characteristics of participants by hearing status

Number of participants (%)

8,962

2,256 (25.2)

6,094 (68.0)

612 (6.8)

Age, years, mean (SD)

60.2 (7.8)

58.3 (7.1)

60.3 (7.6)

65.9 (8.9)

Age group, years, %

 < 0.001

 50–59

54.6

65.6

53.1

28.4

 60–69

30.5

25.0

32.2

33.3

 ≥ 70

15.0

9.4

14.7

38.2

Sex, %

 < 0.001

 Women

74.3

77.1

74.3

63.6

 Men

25.8

22.9

25.8

36.4

Occupation, %

 < 0.001

 Manual

62.4

58.1

63.1

70.9

 Non-manual

20.8

22.2

20.9

14.9

 Other

16.8

19.7

16.0

14.2

Education, %

 < 0.001

 ≤ Primary

38.1

29.3

39.6

55.2

 Middle school

53.6

61.0

52.5

37.6

 ≥ College

8.3

9.8

7.9

7.2

Family income, CNY/year, %

 < 0.001

 < 10,000

5.5

4.1

5.4

11.0

 10,000–29,999

30.8

30.4

30.7

33.5

 30,000–49,999

25.7

31.7

24.3

17.4

 ≥ 50,000

22.0

23.8

22.2

14.2

 Not know

16.1

10.0

17.5

24.0

Smoking status, %

 < 0.001

 Never

81.8

83.3

82.0

74.4

 Former

7.8

6.8

7.8

11.8

 Current

10.3

9.8

10.2

13.9

Alcohol use, %

0.01

 Never

54.0

51.1

54.8

56.5

 Former

5.4

5.3

5.3

6.4

 Current

40.7

43.8

39.9

37.1

Self-rated health, %

 < 0.001

 Good/ very good

78.5

84.1

77.9

63.9

 Poor /very poor

21.5

15.9

22.1

36.1

Comorbidities, %

0.01

 No

88.9

90.3

88.8

85.6

 Yes

11.1

9.7

11.2

14.4

Social isolation, %

 < 0.001

 No

66.7

72.0

66.1

53.4

 Yes

33.3

28.0

33.9

46.6

GDS-15 score, median (IQR)

2.0 (2.0)

1.0 (3.0)

2.0 (3.0)

2.0 (3.0)

Depressive symptoms, %

 < 0.001

 No

85.3

90.9

84.1

76.0

 Yes

14.7

9.1

15.9

24.0