Table 1 Baseline demographics and characteristics according to dentition status

Age (mean)

71.2 ± 5.5

70.3 ± 4.9²

71.3 ± 5.4³

72.9 ± 6.8^{2 3}

0.001

Gender

 Male

448 (42.8)

121 (54.0)

290 (39.2)

37 (44.6)

< 0.001

 Female

599 (57.2)

103 (46.0)

450 (60.8)

46 (55.4)

Education (years)

6.0 ± 4.4

7.7 ± 4.6

5.8 ± 4.3

3.3 ± 3.6

< 0.001

MMSE

26.2 ± 4.4

26.6 ± 4.5²

26.2 ± 4.2³

24.5 ± 5.4^{2 3}

0.001

Cognitive Impairment^a

117 (11.2)

14 (6.3)^{1 2}

87 (11.8)^{1 3}

16 (19.3)^{2 3}

EQ-VAS

80.2 ± 15.6

81.3 ± 15.3²

80.3 ± 15.0³

75.8 ± 20.6^{2 3}

0.019

Grip strength (kg)

21.8 ± 7.0

23.3 ± 7.2¹

21.4 ± 6.9¹

21.6 ± 5.7

0.004

TUG, completion time

11.3 ± 4.0

11.1 ± 3.7

11.3 ± 4.0

12.5 ± 4.7

0.109

BMI

24.4 ± 4.1

24.8 ± 4.5

24.3 ± 3.9

24.4 ± 4.3

0.283

Waist circumference

87.2 ± 10.8

87.8 ± 11.9

86.9 ± 10.2

89.0 ± 12.8

0.327

Multimorbidity

552 (52.7)

113 (50.4)

395 (53.4)

44 (53.0)

Ethnicity

 Chinese

837 (79.9)

134 (16.0)

644 (76.9)

59 (71.1)

< 0.001

 Malay

73 (7.0)

31 (13.8)

34 (45.9)

8 (9.6)

 Indian

69 (6.6)

29 (12.9)

32 (43.2)

8 (9.6)

 Others

68 (6.5)

30 (13.4)

30 (40.5)

8 (9.6)

FRAIL

 Robust

594 (56.7)

140 (62.5)

415 (56.1)

39 (47.0)

0.001

 Pre-frail

388 (37.1)

76 (33.9)

281 (38.0)

31 (37.3)

 Frail

65 (6.2)

8 (3.6)

44 (5.9)

13 (15.7)

≥ 1 IADL Impairment

427 40.8)

94 (42.0)

288 (38.9)

45 (54.2)

0.025

≥ 1 ADL Impairment

195 (18.6)

45 (20.1)

129 (17.4)

21 (25.3)

0.178

≥ 2 falls

96 (9.2)

23 (10.3)

65 (8.8)

8 (9.6)

0.787

Fatigued

265 (25.4)

43 (19.2)¹

206 (27.8)¹

16 (19.3)

0.015

Weight loss > 5% over 6 months

141 (13.5)

32 (14.3)

96 (13.0)

13 (15.7)

0.717

Smoking history

302 (28.8)

74 (33.0)

205 (27.7)

23 (27.7)

0.295