Table 1 Characteristics of all study participants
From: Physical performance reference values for Japanese oldest old: a SONIC study
Variables | Mean ± standard deviation or n (%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | Men (n = 1324) | Women (n = 1438) |  |
Age cohort, n (%) | |||
 70 | 479 (47.9) | 521 (52.1) |  |
 80 | 460 (47.3) | 513 (52.7) |  |
 90 | 385 (48.8) | 404 (51.2) |  |
aged 90 | Men (n = 385) | Women (n = 404) |  |
recruit year | |||
 2012 | 119 (45.1) | 145 (54.9) |  |
 2015 | 131 (49.6) | 133 (50.4) |  |
 2018 | 135 (51.7) | 126 (48.3) |  |
Geographic area, n (%) | |||
 Urban | |||
  Itami | 127 (50.8) | 123 (49.2) |  |
  Itabashi | 132 (42.0) | 182 (58.0) |  |
 Rural | |||
  Asago | 77 (55.0) | 63 (45.0) |  |
  Okutama | 49 (57.6) | 36 (42.4) |  |
Height, cm | 158.8 (6.1) | 144.9 (6.1) | <  0.001 |
Weight, kg | 55.7 (8.3) | 45.8 (7.4) | <  0.001 |
long-term care insurance | |||
 certification, n (%) | 36 (9.4) | 53 (13.3) | 0.087 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.1Â (2.9) | 21.8Â (3.2) | 0.207 |
Chronic disease, n (%) | |||
 Hypertension | 249 (65.0) | 282 (70.0) | 0.137 |
 Dementia | 15 (4.1) | 19 (5.1) | 0.807 |
 Stroke | 45 (11.7) | 30 (7.5) | 0.083 |
 Parkinson’s disease | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0.535 |
 Heart disease | 133 (34.5) | 120 (29.7) | 0.145 |
 diabetes mellitus | 58 (15.1) | 51 (12.7) | 0.320 |
Self-rated health, n (%) | |||
 Excellent to good | 304 (79.2) | 328 (81.8) | 0.362 |
 Fair to poor | 80 (20.8) | 73 (18.2) |  |
Alcohol drinking status, n (%) | |||
 Current | 179 (45.5) | 45 (10.7) | <  0.001 |
 Past | 68 (25.3) | 25 (14.0) | <  0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||
 Current | 31 (7.8) | 10 (2.4) | <  0.001 |
 Past | 279 (71.5) | 32 (7.7) | <  0.001 |
Barthel Index (ADL) | 96.47 ± 8.80 | 93.36 ± 12.23 | <  0.001 |
TMIG-IC (IADL) | 9.94 ± 3.03 | 9.35 ± 3.61 | 0.155 |
Physical performance measures | |||
 Hand grip strength, kg | 23.7 ± 5.69 | 14.1 ± 4.13 | <  0.001 |
 Usual gait speed, m/s | 0.78 ± 0.22 | 0.70 ± 0.21 | <  0.001 |
 Tandem balance, sec | 5.7 ± 4.45 | 4.3 ± 4.33 | <  0.001 |
 5times chair stand, sec | 17.1 ± 6.83 | 17.4 ± 6.27 | 0.156 |
 SPPB total score | 8.2 ± 2.33 | 7.3 ± 2.51 | <  0.001 |