Table 1 Characteristics of the study population of the preserved and reduced HGS groups by sex
Male ( n = 5646) | Female ( n = 7168) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reduced HGS ( n = 1688) | Preserved HGS ( n = 3958) | p value | Reduced HGS ( n = 2032) | Preserved HGS ( n = 5136) | p value | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 68.0 ± 10.9 | 55.7 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 | 67.3 ± 11.6 | 56.3 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Below middle school graduate | 791 (50.3) | 816 (21.8) | 1302 (68.2) | 1804 (36.4) | ||
High school graduate | 384 (24.4) | 1307 (34.9) | 337 (17.7) | 1707 (34.4) | ||
College graduate or higher | 399 (25.4) | 1619 (43.3) | 269 (14.1) | 1450 (29.2) | ||
Location of residence, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Urban | 1251 (74.1) | 3172 (80.1) | 1471 (72.4) | 4228 (82.3) | ||
Rural | 437 (25.9) | 786 (19.9) | 561 (27.6) | 908 (17.7) | ||
Living situation, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Single | 246 (14.6) | 364 (9.2) | 522 (25.7) | 627 (12.2) | ||
With family members | 1442 (85.4) | 3594 (90.8) | 1510 (74.3) | 4509 (87.8) | ||
Quartiles of income, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
1st (lowest) | 503 (30.1) | 864 (21.9) | 569 (28.2) | 1199 (23.4) | ||
2nd | 410 (24.5) | 996 (25.2) | 524 (26.0) | 1269 (24.8) | ||
3rd | 380 (22.7) | 1045 (26.5) | 447 (22.1) | 1321 (25.8) | ||
4th (highest) | 379 (22.7) | 1044 (26.4) | 479 (23.7) | 1337 (26.1) | ||
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 23.4 ± 3.1 | 24.7 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 24.0 ± 3.5 | 0.706 |
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | 0.154 | ||||
Never smoker | 324 (19.5) | 698 (17.8) | 1842 (92.7) | 4657 (91.3) | ||
Ex-smoker | 887 (53.5) | 1867 (47.7) | 73 (3.7) | 220 (4.3) | ||
Current smoker | 448 (27.0) | 1351 (34.5) | 72 (3.6) | 224 (4.4) | ||
Alcohol consumption (frequency), n (%) | < 0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
< 4/month | 991 (64.6) | 2186 (58.3) | 1206 (90.3) | 3734 (87.7) | ||
≥ 2/week | 544 (35.4) | 1564 (41.7) | 129 (9.7) | 526 (12.4) | ||
Nutritional status | ||||||
Energy intake (Kcal) | 1899.8 ± 756.7 | 2309.0 ± 905.2 | < 0.001 | 1432.0 ± 600.4 | 1641.5 ± 656.1 | < 0.001 |
Protein intake (g) | 64.5 ± 33.3 | 82.7 ± 41.5 | < 0.001 | 47.9 ± 26.0 | 58.9 ± 29.2 | < 0.001 |
Fat intake (g) | 33.1 ± 26.6 | 48.6 ± 34.4 | < 0.001 | 25.2 ± 21.5 | 35.2 ± 25.8 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 311.2 ± 117.1 | 344.2 ± 128.4 | < 0.001 | 255.4 ± 105.8 | 272.0 ± 114.3 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 778 (46.1) | 1212 (30.6) | < 0.001 | 916 (45.2) | 1319 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 352 (20.9) | 837 (21.2) | 0.825 | 643 (31.7) | 1280 (24.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 368 (21.8) | 464 (11.7) | < 0.001 | 379 (18.7) | 453 (8.8) | < 0.001 |