Table 1 Comparisons of baseline socio-demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, disease history, frailty status, cognitive impairment, biomarker, skeletal muscle index and physical performance according to mortality status (n = 641)

Socio-demographic factors

 Men

215 (48.53)

135 (68.18)

 < 0.001

 Age (years)

 < 0.001

  65–74

317 (71.56)

77 (38.89)

  75–84

122 (27.54)

97 (48.99)

  > 85

4 (0.90)

24 (12.12)

 Education

0.35

  No education

46 (10.38)

14 (7.07)

  Primary education

118 (26.64)

59 (29.8)

  Secondary or tertiary education

279 (62.98)

125 (63.13)

 Married

332 (74.94)

145 (73.23)

0.72

Lifestyle behaviors

 Smoking

39 (8.80)

22 (11.11)

0.44

 Alcohol drinking

63 (14.22)

31 (15.66)

0.72

 Regular exercise

354 (79.91)

147 (74.24)

0.13

Disease history

 Hypertension

200 (45.15)

117 (59.09)

0.002

 Diabetes Mellitus

49 (11.06)

42 (21.21)

0.001

 Heart disease

110 (24.83)

79 (39.90)

 < 0.001

 Stroke

11 (2.48)

22 (11.11)

 < 0.001

 Cancer

18 (4.06)

17 (8.59)

0.03

Cognitive impairment

34 (7.67)

41 (20.71)

 < 0.001

Biomarker

 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

106.75 ± 22.07

114.21 ± 31.3

0.003

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

115.65 ± 63.84

117.09 ± 72.81

0.81

 High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)

47.00 ± 13.38

45.03 ± 15.90

0.13

 Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)

116.99 ± 31.38

109.65 ± 30.04

0.006

 eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m²)

77.11 ± 14.96

68.66 ± 18.79

 < 0.001

Height-adjusted SMI (kg/m²)

6.96 ± 1.02

6.89 ± 1.04

0.39

Weight-adjusted SMI (%)

28.72 ± 4.17

29.07 ± 4.48

0.35

Physical performance

 Gait speed (m/s)

0.88 ± 0.18

0.73 ± 0.23

 < 0.001

 Timed up-and-go test (sec)

7.21 ± 2.04

9.31 ± 4.46

 < 0.001

 Timed chair stand (sec)

5.03 ± 1.48

6.25 ± 2.96

 < 0.001

 Weight-adjusted leg press (%)

96.87 ± 36.52

78.51 ± 36.95

 < 0.001

 Handgrip strength (kg)

28.00 ± 7.95

27.17 ± 7.73

0.22