Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 221)

Age (years old)

80.5, 7.1

Female

130 (58.8)

Education (years)

8.9, 5.0

BMI (kg/m²)

24.5, 4.0

Frailty assessment

CFS-C

 1

2 (0.9)

 2

28 (12.7)

 3

43 (19.5)

 4

69 (31.2)

 5

29 (13.1)

 6

41 (18.5)

 7

9 (4.1)

Fried frailty phenotype

 Robust

15 (7.0)

 Prefrail

86 (40.4)

 Frail

112 (52.6)

FI-CGA

0.3, 0.2

 FI-CGA ≤ 0.08

17 (7.9)

 0.08 < FI-CGA < 0.25

78 (36.5)

 FI-CGA ≥ 0.25

119 (55.6)

Elements of geriatric assessments

BI

88.4, 20.9

IADL

5.5, 2.8

MNA

11.5, 2.3

 0–7

16 (7.2)

 8–11

73 (33.0)

 12–14

132 (59.7)

MMSE

22.2, 5.8

 Abnormal^a

100 (45.5)

 Normal^a

120 (54.5)

GDS

4.8, 4.0

 < 5

120 (54.8)

 5–9

61 (27.9)

 ≥ 10

38 (17.4)

CIRS-G

11.9, 5.3

Elements of BabyBot

ASM^b (kg/m²)

7.6, 1.4

 ASM^b (Male)

8.7, 1.2

 ASM^b (Female)

6.8, 0.8

6-m gait speed (m/s)

1.0, 0.4

TUG test (seconds)

18.4, 11.3

Hand grip (kg)

16.8, 6.9

 Hand grip (Male)

21.1, 7.1

 Hand grip (Female)

13.7, 4.7