Evaluating the discriminatory power of the velocity field diagram and timed-up-and-go test in determining the fall status of community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional observational study

Table 8 Association between E₁ and gait speed in male and female

	Models with E₁ as a continuous variable
	Men	β* (SE)	P value		Women	β* (SE)	P value
Model 1		-0.038 (0.015)	0.017*			-0.019 (0.017)	0.172
Model 2		-0.038 (0.017)	0.015*			-0.016 (0.016)	0.278
Model 3		-0.046 (0.018)	0.013*			-0.014 (0.018)	0.372
Model 4		-0.049 (0.017)	0.011*			-0.019 (0.014)	0.369
	Models with E₁ by increasing quartiles
	Men				Women
	Quartile comparison	β† (SE)	P value	P for trend	Quartile comparison	β† (SE)	P value	P for trend
Model 1	Q2 v.s. Q1	-0.017 (0.037)	0.638	0.038*	Q2 v.s. Q1	0.049 (0.027)	0.092	0.464
	Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.064 (0.048)	0.146		Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.032 (0.031)	0.335
	Q4 v.s. Q1	-0.078 (0.033)	0.078		Q4 v.s. Q1	-0.001 (0.035)	0.978
Model 2	Q2 v.s. Q1	-0.011 (0.055)	0.790	0.056	Q2 v.s. Q1	0.052 (0.027)	0.075	0.531
	Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.059 (0.039)	0.197		Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.025 (0.030)	0.403
	Q4 v.s. Q1	-0.058 (0.034)	0.078		Q4 v.s. Q1	0.006 (0.038)	0.908
Model 3	Q2 v.s. Q1	-0.015 (0.029)	0.567	0.024*	Q2 v.s. Q1	0.058 (0.029)	0.048*	0.705
	Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.046 (0.031)	0.120		Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.022 (0.033)	0.508
	Q4 v.s. Q1	-0.072 (0.035)	0.030*		Q4 v.s. Q1	0.016 (0.037)	0.707
Model 4	Q2 v.s. Q1	-0.008 (0.036)	0.786	0.019*	Q2 v.s. Q1	0.052 (0.029)	0.059	0.673
	Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.048 (0.038)	0.167		Q3 v.s. Q1	-0.022 (0.031)	0.565
	Q4 v.s. Q1	-0.063 (0.023)	0.024*		Q4 v.s. Q1	0.009 (0.036)	0.809
E₁	Men				Women	Mean Difference	P-value
Overall Mean	3.75 ± 1.37				3.50 ± 1.25	0.25	0.044*

^* Indicates p ≤ 0.05,
Adjusted covariates: Model 1 = Age, weight, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and use of walking devices; Model 2 = Model 1 + co-morbidities (dizziness, vestibular diseases, diabetes, and arthritis)
Model 3 = Model 2 + markers of cardiovascular risk (natural-log-transformed levels of the use of anti-anxiety drugs, gender)
Model 4 = Model 3 + BMI categories
^* Parameter estimates (β) can be interpreted as differences in mean gait speed (m/sec) for each increment
of one standard deviation in the log-transformed E₁ among men (or women)
^† Parameter estimates (β) can be interpreted as differences in mean gait speed (m/sec) compared male (or female)
subjects in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of E₁ to those in the lowest quartile
Abbreviations: E₁ – Equality point for the regression lines of velocity and stride frequency on the VFD; SE, standard error
The cut-off values E₁ quartiles among the men were: quartile 1 (< 1.80), quartile 2 (1.80–2.51), quartile 3 (2.52–3.69),
and quartile 4 (> 3.69); while among the women the cut-off values were: quartile 1 (< 1.48), quartile 2 (1.48–2.28),
quartile 3 (2.29–3.52), and quartile 4 (> 3.52)

ISSN: 1471-2318