From: Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Subgroup | Pooled Prevalence (95% CI) | Chi2 | df | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age of participants | 36 (29,43) | 10.88 | 1 | < 0.01 |
<  65 years | 25 (16,35) | 238,592.68 | 20 | < 0.0001 |
≥ 65 years | 45 (37,54) | 4,378,199.84 | 25 | < 0.0001 |
Sex | 32 (26,39) | 0.04 | 1 | 0. 85 |
Male | 32 (22,41) | 1,484,546.49 | 21 | < 0.0001 |
Female | 33 (23,43) | 1,754,816.42 | 21 | < 0.0001 |
Health care setting | 40 (32,49) | 13.55 | 2 | < 0.01 |
Inpatient | 52 (38,66) | 36,809.71 | 10 | < 0.0001 |
Outpatient | 47 (33,62) | 910,219.51 | 12 | < 0.0001 |
Community | 20 (6,35) | 12,462,667.1 | 10 | < 0.0001 |
Numerical cut off for medications | 32 (26,38) | 7.90 | 1 | < 0.01 |
≥ 2 medications | 22 (10,35) | 22,184,826.88 | 9 | < 0.0001 |
≥ 5 medications | 40 (0, 47) | 16,672,729.06 | 43 | < 0.0001 |
Measurement indicator | 33 (28,38) | 0.01 | 2 | P = 0.91 |
Simultaneous | 33 (27,40) | 9,353,584.02 | 50 | < 0.0001 |
Cumulative | 33 (25,41) | 12,926,693.67 | 37 | < 0.0001 |
Methodological quality | 33 (28,38) | 0.37 | 1 | 0.54 |
High quality | 34 (29.39) | 21,220,449.4 | 83 | < 0.0001 |
Low quality | 27 (0,57) | 5005.5 | 4 | < 0.0001 |
Country of publication | 37 (31,44) | 2.19 | 2 | 0.33 |
North America | 51 (24,79) | 30372.7 | 4 | < 0.0001 |
Asia | 36 (24,48) | 377564.9 | 11 | < 0.0001 |
Europe | 36 (27,44) | 20277561.9 | 33 | <0.001 |
Study design | 33 (28,38) | 9.93 | 2 | 0.31 |
Cross-sectional | 37 (31,43) | 20,427,507.22 | 63 | < 0.0001 |
Cohort | 23 (9,38) | 326,083.41 | 11 | < 0.0001 |
Case-control | 24 (17,31) | 365,802.26 | 12 | < 0.0001 |