From: Incidence and predictors of multimorbidity among older adults in Korea: a 10-year cohort study
Variables | Mean ± SD or n (%) | P-value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants (N = 1967) | Multimorbidity incidence | ||||
Yes (n = 625) | No (n = 1342) | ||||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
 Age | 72.94 ± 6.42 | 71.98 ± 5.36 | 73.38 ± 6.82 |  < 0.001 | |
 | 65–74 | 1311 (66.6) | 446 (71.4) | 865 (64.4) |  < 0.001 |
 | 75–84 | 527 (26.8) | 161 (25.7) | 366 (27.3) |  |
 | 85– | 129 (6.6) | 18 (2.9) | 111 (8.3) |  |
 Gender | Male | 894 (45.5) | 299 (47.8) | 595 (44.3) | 0.146 |
Female | 1073 (54.5) | 326 (52.2) | 747 (55.7) | Â | |
 Education level | No formal education | 660 (33.6) | 184 (29.4) | 476 (35.5) | 0.021 |
Elementary school | 677 (34.4) | 221 (35.4) | 456 (34.0) |  | |
Middle school or above | 630 (32.0) | 220 (35.2) | 410 (30.5) |  | |
 Marital status | Married | 1335 (67.9) | 454 (72.6) | 881 (65.6) | 0.002 |
Single or other | 632 (32.1) | 171 (27.4) | 461 (34.4) | Â | |
 Living arrangement | Single-person households | 296 (15.0) | 84 (13.4) | 212 (15.8) | 0.173 |
Multiple-person households | 1671 (85.0) | 541 (86.6) | 1130 (84.2) | Â | |
 Working status | Working | 539 (27.4) | 182 (29.1) | 357 (26.6) | 0.244 |
None | 1428 (72.6) | 443 (70.9) | 985 (73.4) | Â | |
Annual personal income (10,000 Korean Won) | 694.48 ± 885.02 | 653.6 2 ± 751.50 | 713.50 ± 940.42 | 0.130 | |
Lifestyle | |||||
 BMI | Underweight | 136 (6.9) | 30 (4.8) | 106 (7.9) |  < 0.001 |
Normal | 1013 (51.5) | 291 (46.6) | 722 (53.8) | Â | |
Overweight | 513 (26.1) | 170 (27.2) | 343 (25.6) | Â | |
Obese | 305 (15.5) | 134 (21.4) | 171 (12.7) | Â | |
 Physical activity | Yes | 612 (31.1) | 215 (34.4) | 397 (29.6) | 0.032 |
No | 1355 (68.9) | 410 (65.6) | 945 (70.4) | Â | |
 Smoking | Current | 330 (16.8) | 100 (16.0) | 230 (17.1) | 0.003 |
Past | 278 (14.1) | 113 (18.1) | 165 (12.3) | Â | |
Never | 1359 (69.1) | 412 (65.9) | 947 (70.6) | Â | |
 Drinking | Current | 607 (30.9) | 211 (33.7) | 396 (29.5) |  < 0.001 |
Past | 219 (11.1) | 88 (14.1) | 131 (9.8) | Â | |
Never | 1141 (58.0) | 326 (52.2) | 815 (60.7) | Â | |
Psychosocial factors | |||||
 Depressive symptoms (0–10) | 4.16 ± 2.96 | 4.24 ± 2.93 | 4.13 ± 2.97 | 0.441 | |
 Participation in social meeting | Yes | 1339 (68.1) | 418 (66.9) | 921 (68.6) | 0.439 |
No | 628 (31.9) | 207 (33.1) | 421 (31.4) | Â | |
 Level of social interaction | High | 1360 (69.2) | 407 (65.1) | 953 (71.0) | 0.003 |
Moderate | 327 (16.6) | 105 (16.8) | 222 (16.5) | Â | |
Low | 280 (14.2) | 113 (18.1) | 167 (12.5) | Â | |
No. of chronic diseases | |||||
 0 |  | 927 (47.1) | 163 (26.1) | 764 (56.9) |  < 0.001 |
 1 |  | 1040 (52.9) | 462 (73.9) | 578 (43.1) |  |