Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the study
Variable categories | Rural (N = 717) | Urban (N = 415) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Age (yr) | ||||
 60–69 | 430 | 60.0 | 269 | 64.8 |
 70–79 | 232 | 32.4 | 132 | 31.8 |
  ≥ 80 | 55 | 7.6 | 14 | 3.4 |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 326 | 45.5 | 129 | 31.1 |
 Female | 391 | 54.5 | 286 | 68.9 |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 566 | 78.4 | 367 | 85.7 |
 Non-married | 156 | 21.6 | 61 | 14.3 |
Education (yr) | ||||
 0–6 | 177 | 24.7 | 19 | 4.6 |
 7–9 | 334 | 46.6 | 112 | 27.0 |
 10–12 | 142 | 19.5 | 135 | 32.5 |
 13 +  | 66 | 9.2 | 149 | 35.9 |
Individual income | ||||
 ¥0 to 1,999 | 523 | 72.9 | 43 | 10.4 |
 ¥2,000 to 3,999 | 139 | 19.4 | 257 | 61.9 |
 ¥4,000 to 5,999 | 48 | 6.7 | 73 | 17.6 |
 ¥6,000 and Over | 7 | 1.0 | 42 | 10.1 |
Smoking status | ||||
 Yes | 162 | 22.6 | 49 | 11.8 |
 No | 555 | 77.4 | 366 | 88.2 |
Alcohol use | ||||
 Yes | 170 | 23.7 | 128 | 30.8 |
 No | 547 | 76.3 | 287 | 69.2 |
Physical activity | ||||
 Yes | 224 | 31.2 | 114 | 27.5 |
 No | 493 | 68.8 | 130 | 72.5 |
Chronic disease status | ||||
 Yes | 475 | 66.2 | 305 | 73.5 |
 No | 242 | 33.8 | 110 | 26.5 |
Measured Variables (Mean, SD) | ||||
 Dependency scores | 44.2 | 12.4 | 40.1 | 12.0 |
 Self-efficacy scores | 24.9 | 6.7 | 25.6 | 6.0 |
 GDS-15 scores | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
 EPQ scores | 22.2 | 4.2 | 23.2 | 3.3 |