Table 3 Generalized estimating equation model: multi-exercise intervention and frailty trajectories

Age

0.02

0.01–0.04

1.02

1.01–1.04

< 0.001***

Gender (Ref: male)

Female

0.23

0.02–0.44

1.26

1.02–1.56

0.03*

Group (Ref: regular group)

Multicomponent exercise group

−0.18

−0.35–0.02

0.83

0.71–0.98

0.03*

Hypertension (Ref: no)

Yes

−0.03

− 0.18–0.13

0.97

0.84–1.14

0.74

Diabetes (Ref: no)

Yes

−0.06

− 0.25–0.13

0.94

0.78–1.14

0.55

Community Care Stations (Ref: no)

Yes

0.33

0.13–0.52

1.39

1.14–1.68

< 0.001***

Fall (Ref: no)

Yes

−0.05

−0.22–0.12

0.95

0.80–1.13

0.55

Exercise (Ref: no)

Yes

−0.94

−1.15–0.72

0.39

0.32–0.49

< 0.001***

Four−stage balance test

−0.03

− 0.14–0.08

0.97

0.87–1.09

0.61

Perceived health status

−0.07

− 0.17–0.04

0.94

0.85–1.04

0.21

Back scratch test (cm)

−0.00

− 0.00–0.00

1.09

0.99–1.00

0.30

Sit and reach flexibility (cm)

−0.01

0.00–0.01

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.28

Timed up and go (s)

0.04

0.02–0.07

1.04

1.02–1.07

0.001**

2 − minute step test (times)

−0.01

0.00–0.01

0.99

0.99–1.00

< 0.001***

IADL

0.00

−0.05–0.05

1.00

0.95–1.05

0.99

ADL

0.04

−0.03–0.12

1.05

0.97–1.12

0.23

MMSE

0.03

−0.18–0.23

1.03

0.84–1.26

0.78

Kihon

0.08

0.05–0.11

1.08

1.05–1.11

< 0.001***

QOL

0.07

−0.05–0.18

1.07

0.96–1.20

0.25