Table 2 Evaluation of the physical performance (senior fitness test), cognition, and frailty between the two groups

Four-stage balance test

3.31 ± 0.74

3.36 ± 0.78

3.36 ± 0.87

3.07 ± 0.93

3.29 ± 0.91

3.41 ± 0.72

0.27

0.18

Back scratch test (cm)

−7.24 ± 14.75

− 10.64 ± 13.84

−6.53 ± 14.45

−9.10 ± 13.88

− 11.63 ± 16.32

−11.22 ± 15.50

0.74

0.98

Sit and reach flexibility (cm)

−1.52 ± 10.08

− 3.16 ± 9.88

0.44 ± 7.63

−1.09 ± 8.06

− 2.69 ± 8.91

−1.97 ± 8.69

0

0.37

Timed up and go (s)

10.06 ± 3.73

9.79 ± 3.88

9.59 ± 3.32

10.33 ± 6.18

9.78 ± 5.01

9.35 ± 3.71

0.52

0.76

2-minute step test (times)

82.21 ± 34.96

91.97 ± 30.89

72.75 ± 25.00*^{, a}

75.04 ± 31.16

100.02 ± 31.40

86.95 ± 29.37

0.010*

0.42

IADL

0.46 ± 2.03

0.41 ± 1.62*^{, a}

0.24 ± 1.33

1.19 ± 3.31

1.75 ± 4.25

1.16 ± 2.69

0.08

0.33

ADL

0.40 ± 1.41

0.35 ± 1.33

0.07 ± 0.31

0.70 ± 2.40

0.83 ± 2.45

0.38 ± 1.28

0.54

0.09

MMSE

0.10 ± 0.43

0.06 ± 0.28

0.15 ± 0.58

0.07 ± 0.31

0.08 ± 0.32

0.03 ± 0.16

0.53

0.10

Kihon

4.79 ± 3.16

5.59 ± 3.79

4.53 ± 2.80

5.09 ± 4.06

6.15 ± 4.34

5.76 ± 3.80

0.53

0.55

QOL

9.68 ± 0.75

9.69 ± 0.84

9.83 ± 0.42

9.41 ± 1.09

9.40 ± 1.27

9.57 ± 1.19

0.88

0.18

Frailty (0–5)

1.11 ± 0.98

0.99 ± 1.11

1.41 ± 0.97

0.97 ± 1.16

0.92 ± 1.16

1.27 ± 0.93

0.52

0.49

 Robust (0)

27 (30)

39 (43.3)

11 (12.2)

34 (49.3) *

33 (47.8)

8 (11.6)

–

–

 Prefrailty (1–2)

54 (60)

37 (41.1)

41 (45.6)

26 (37.7)

26 (37.7)

25 (36.2)

–

–

 Frailty (> 3)

9 (10)

10 (11.1)

7 (7.8)

9 (13)

6 (8.7)

4 (5.8)

–

 Dropout

0

4 (4.4)

31 (34.4)

0

4 (5.8)

32 (46.4)

–

–