Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 9775)
Variables | Total (n = 9775) | Middle-aged (n = 5999) | Older adults (n = 3776) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 2676) | Female (n = 3323) | P-value | Male (n = 1620) | Female (n = 2156) | P-value | ||
Age (years) | 61.10 ± 10.75 | 54.09 ± 5.79 | 53.86 ± 5.91 | 0.125 | 71.92 ± 5.48 | 72.85 ± 6.14 | < 0.001 |
Education | |||||||
≥ Middle school | 5312 (54.3) | 2184 (81.7) | 2047 (61.7) | < 0.001 | 779 (48.1) | 302 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
< Middle school | 4455 (45.6) | 490 (18.3) | 1273 (38.3) | 840 (51.9) | 1852 (86.0) | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 7722 (79.0) | 2490 (93.0) | 521 (15.7) | < 0.001 | 1463 (90.3) | 967 (44.9) | < 0.001 |
Single/divorced/widowed | 2053 (21.0) | 186 (7.0) | 2802 (84.3) | 157 (9.7) | 1189 (55.1) | ||
Area of residence | |||||||
Urban | 7574 (77.5) | 2189 (81.8) | 2699 (81.2) | 0.566 | 1131 (69.8) | 1555 (72.1) | 0.121 |
Rural | 2201 (22.5) | 487 (18.2) | 624 (18.8) | 489 (30.2) | 601 (27.9) | ||
Smoking | |||||||
Currently non-smoker | 7859 (80.4) | 1441 (53.8) | 3234 (97.3) | < 0.001 | 1112 (68.7) | 2072 (96.1) | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 1915 (19.6) | 1235 (46.2) | 89 (2.7) | 507 (31.3) | 84 (3.9) | ||
Drinking | |||||||
No | 5960 (61.0) | 772 (28.8) | 2530 (76.1) | < 0.001 | 758 (46.8) | 1900 (88.1) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 3815 (39.0) | 1904 (71.2) | 793 (23.9) | 862 (53.2) | 256 (11.9) | ||
Regular physical activity | |||||||
Yes | 3858 (39.5) | 1200 (44.8) | 1399 (42.1) | 0.033 | 675 (41.7) | 584 (27.1) | < 0.001 |
No | 5917 (60.5) | 1476 (55.2) | 1924 (57.9) | 945 (58.3) | 1572 (72.9) | ||
Number of chronic diseases (0–10) | 0.73 ± 0.94 | 0.47 ± 0.79 | 0.54 ± 0.83 | 0.001 | 0.93 ± 0.98 | 1.16 ± 1.05 | < 0.001 |
Cognitive function | |||||||
Normal | 7487 (76.6) | 2468 (93.5) | 2863 (87.1) | < 0.001 | 1200 (74.5) | 956 (44.9) | < 0.001 |
Cognitive dysfunction | 2177 (22.3) | 171 (6.5) | 425 (12.9) | 410 (25.5) | 1171 (55.1) | ||
Social contact (1–10) | 7.49 ± 2.85 | 7.29 ± 2.71 | 7.62 ± 2.75 | < 0.001 | 7.41 ± 3.01 | 7.60 ± 3.02 | 0.052 |
Frailty instrument scores (0–3) | |||||||
Survey 1: 2006 (n = 9386) | 0.55 ± 0.77 | 0.31 ± 0.56 | 0.39 ± 0.62 | < 0.001 | 0.73 ± 0.86 | 0.99 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 |
Survey 2: 2008 (n = 7717) | 0.54 ± 0.78 | 0.26 ± 0.53 | 0.37 ± 0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.76 ± 0.84 | 1.03 ± 0.95 | < 0.001 |
Survey 3: 2010 (n = 6936) | 0.60 ± 0.80 | 0.35 ± 0.62 | 0.42 ± 0.67 | < 0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.86 | 1.09 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 |
Survey 4: 2012 (n = 6411) | 0.56 ± 0.76 | 0.34 ± 0.58 | 0.39 ± 0.64 | 0.003 | 0.81 ± 0.84 | 1.02 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 |
Survey 5: 2014 (n = 5846) | 0.54 ± 0.76 | 0.34 ± 0.60 | 0.39 ± 0.66 | 0.007 | 0.80 ± 0.83 | 1.03 ± 0.92 | < 0.001 |
Survey 6: 2016 (n = 5436) | 0.54 ± 0.77 | 0.34 ± 0.60 | 0.43 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.91 | 0.98 ± 0.92 | 0.007 |
Survey 7: 2018 (n = 4954) | 0.52 ± 0.75 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | 0.38 ± 0.64 | 0.008 | 0.96 ± 0.87 | 0.99 ± 0.93 | 0.598 |
Frailty instrument components | |||||||
A. Weakness of grip strength | |||||||
No | 8012 (82.0) | 2515 (96.7) | 3003 (93.1) | < 0.001 | 1190 (75.5) | 1304 (64.7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1407 (14.4) | 87 (3.3) | 222 (6.9) | 386 (24.5) | 712 (35.3) | ||
B. Exhaustion | |||||||
No | 8488 (86.8) | 2482 (93.1) | 3008 (91.0) | 0.751 | 1369 (84.7) | 1629 (75.9) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1245 (12.7) | 184 (6.9) | 297 (9.0) | 248 (15.3) | 516 (24.1) | ||
C. Social isolation | |||||||
No | 7023 (71.8) | 2103 (78.6) | 2552 (76.8) | 0.098 | 1074 (66.3) | 1294 (60.0) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 2752 (28.2) | 573 (21.4) | 771 (23.2) | 546 (33.7) | 862 (40.0) | ||
Combinations of frailty instrument components | |||||||
A. Weakness of grip strength + exhaustion | |||||||
No | 9258 (94.7) | 2636 (99.1) | 3241 (98.2) | 0.007 | 1492 (92.8) | 1889 (89.6) | 0.001 |
Yes | 417 (4.3) | 25 (0.9) | 58 (1.8) | 115 (7.2) | 219 (10.4) | ||
B. Weakness of grip strength + social isolation | |||||||
No | 9015 (92.2) | 2618 (98.9) | 3217 (97.7) | < 0.001 | 1430 (89.0) | 1750 (83.5) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 628 (6.4) | 29 (1.1) | 76 (2.3) | 177 (11.0) | 346 (16.5) | ||
C. Exhaustion + social isolation | |||||||
No | 9160 (93.7) | 2583 (96.7) | 3202 (96.5) | 0.714 | 1483 (91.5) | 1892 (88.0) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 599 (6.1) | 88 (3.3) | 115 (3.5) | 137 (8.5) | 259 (12.0) | ||