Fig. 1

Growth trajectories of frailty by each latent class of middle-aged [A] and older adults [B] according to sex. Note. Middle-aged, participants aged < 65 years at baseline; Older adults, participants aged ≥ 65 years at baseline. A higher frailty score indicates a severe frailty status. A. male Class 1: intercept = 0.003*, slope = 0.141*, quadratic = -0.016*; Class 2: intercept = 1.163*, slope = -0.324*, quadratic = 0.040*. A. female Class 1: intercept = 0.012*, slope = 0.164*, quadratic = -0.019*; Class 2: intercept = 1.185*, slope = -0.294*, quadratic = 0.035*. B. male Class 1: intercept = 0.004*, slope = 0.342*, quadratic = -0.034*; Class 2: intercept = 0.999*, slope = -0.068*, quadratic = 0.018*; Class 3: intercept = 2.225*, slope = -0.503*, quadratic = 0.065*. B. female Class 1: intercept = 0.005*, slope = 0.451*, quadratic = -0.052*; Class 2: intercept = 1.000*, slope = 0.044*, quadratic = -0.005*; Class 3: intercept = 2.218*, slope = -0.391*, quadratic = 0.044 *. *p < .05