Table 3 Hazard ratios (95%CI) for transition between CF, CI and PF by non-modifiable and modifiable factors

Non-modifiable factors

Age (year, ref = 60–69)

 70–79

1.82 (0.67, 4.94)

1.14 (0.82, 1.59)

0.71 (0.23, 2.24)

0.99 (0.70, 1.40)

 80-

0.72 (0.15,3.43)

1.18 (0.56, 2.52)

0.36 (0.08, 1.64)

2.17 (0.97, 4.85)

Gender ( ref = Male)

 Female

1.01 (0.52, 1.94)

1.46 (1.06, 2.02)

1.07 (0.54,2.15)

0.92 (0.66, 1.28)

Education (ref = Illiterate)

 Literacy

1.27 (0.54, 3.03)

0.46 (0.33, 0.64)

1.56 (0.68, 3.63)

2.23 (1.63, 3.07)

Household registration (ref = Non-rural)

 Rural

0.99 (0.45, 2.21)

2.98 (1.61, 5.48)

2.13 (0.54, 8.38)

0.82 (0.53, 1.28)

Modifiable factors

 Life-satisfaction (ref = Satisfied)

  Dissatisfied

4.94 (1.04, 23.61)

1.36 (0.94, 1.97)

3.68 (0.71, 19.21)

1.13 (0.78, 1.64)

 Depression(ref = No)

  Yes

0.68 (0.34, 1.37)

1.75 (1.26, 2.45)

0.43 (0.22, 0.84)

1.39 (0.99, 1.96)

 Multimorbidity(ref = No)

  Yes

2.17 (1.03, 4.59)

1.12 (0.82, 1.53)

1.97 (0.91, 4.27)

0.90 (0.67, 1.22)

 Sleep duration (ref = Intermediate)

  Short

0.85 (0.34, 2.10)

1.72 (0.91, 3.26)

1.53 (0.60, 3.86)

1.21 (0.63, 2.36)

  Long

1.95 (0.55, 6.95)

1.16 (0.85, 1.59)

1.99 (0.57, 6.98)

0.98 (0.71, 1.34)

 History of falls ( ref = No)

  Yes

2.36 (1.02, 5.51)

1.20 (0.87, 1.65)

1.77 (0.74, 4.25)

1.01 (0.74, 1.41)