Table 1 List of facial landmarks (cephalometric points) used in the analyses
SIGN | NAME | PROFILE DEFINITION | EN FACE DEFINITION |
|---|---|---|---|
tr | Trichion | Line between scalp and forehead | Midpoint |
g | Glabella | Most anterior point of the forehead | Midpoint |
n | Soft-tissue nasion | Most posterior point on the soft-tissue contour of the base of the nasal root at the level of the frontonasal suture | Midpoint of the nasal root |
enL, enR | Endocanthion, left and right | / | Soft-tissue point located at the inner commissure of each eye fissure |
exL, exN | Exocanthion, left and right | / | Soft-tissue point located at the outer commissure of each eye fissure |
soL, soR | Supraorbitale, left and right | Most anterior point above the orbita | Midpoint between endocanthion and exocanthion |
ioL, ioR | Infraorbitale, left and right | Prominent rim under the inferior eyelid | Midpoint between endocanthion and exocanthion |
zyL, zyR | Zygoma, left and right | / | Point above lateral part of corpus ossis zygomatici before it straightens in the AP direction backwards |
zypL, zypR | Zygoma prominenc, left and right | / | Intersection of vertical line through exL/R and transverse line through zyL/R |
prn | Pronasale | Most anterior point of nasal tip | Midpoint of nasal tip |
alL, alR | Ala nasi, left and right | / | Most lateral point on each alar contour |
acL, acR | Alare curvature, left and right | / | Point at the facial insertion of each alar base |
cm | Columella | / | Midpoint of the columella crest at the level of the nostril top points |
sn | Subnasale | Contact of philtrum and columella | Midpoint |
a | Subspinale | Most posterior point of the philtrum | Midpoint |
ls | Labiale superior | Point of the vermilion line of the upper lip | Midpoint |
St | Stomion | / | Midpoint of the horizontal labial fissure |
li | Labiale inferior | Point of the vermilion line of the lower lip | Midpoint |
cphL, cphR | Crista philtri, left and right | / | Point at each crossing of the philtrum and cupids bow |
chL, chR | Cheilion, left and right | / | Point at each labial commissure |
b | Sublabiale | Most posterior point on the labiomental soft-tissue contour that defines the border between the lower lip and the chin | Midpoint |
pg | Pogonion | Most anterior point of the chin | Midpoint |
meL, meR | Menton, left and right | / | Point where the vertical point through chL/R reaches the lowest point of the chin |
gn | Gnathion | Most inferior point on the soft-tissue contour of the chin | Midpoint |
goL, goR | Gonion, left and right | Ramus ascendens and corpus mandible tangents intersection | Most prominent point placed lateral and inferior to chL/R point |