Table 2 Adjusted associations of walking impairment with cognitive function, depression and visual impairment, NHANES 2013–2014
Variables | Model 1 | p value | Model 2 | p value | Model 3 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Total | ||||||
Cognitive function | ||||||
CERAD Total | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | 0.002 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.883 | 1.00 (0.94–1.70) | 0.885 |
Delayed Recall | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.003 | 0.95 (0.83–1.10) | 0.479 | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 0.428 |
Animal Fluency | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.016 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.627 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.927 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.002 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.002 |
Depression | 5.00 (3.38–7.39) | < 0.001 | 5.02 (3.36–7.52) | < 0.001 | 4.66 (3.11–6.99) | < 0.001 |
Visual impairment | 3.24 (1.85–5.65) | < 0.001 | 3.26 (1.81–5.88) | 0.001 | 2.76 (1.47–5.20) | 0.004 |
By race/ethnicity | ||||||
Hispanic American | ||||||
Cognitive function | ||||||
CERAD Total | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.031 | 0.93 (0.85–1.00) | 0.061 | 0.95 (0.87–1.02) | 0.147 |
Delayed Recall | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.007 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.015 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.031 |
Animal Fluency | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.019 | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.005 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.062 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.104 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.124 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.380 |
Depression | 5.00 (1.95–12.83) | 0.002 | 5.21 (2.01–13.51) | 0.002 | 3.75 (1.37–10.24) | 0.013 |
Visual impairment | 6.02 (2.78–13.05) | < 0.001 | 5.89 (2.49–13.90) | 0.001 | 3.80 (1.75–8.21) | 0.002 |
Non-Hispanic White | ||||||
Cognitive function | ||||||
CERAD Total | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.017 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.047 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.033 |
Delayed Recall | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.023 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.068 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.062 |
Animal Fluency | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.055 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.118 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.185 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.001 |
Depression | 4.37 (2.54–7.55) | < 0.001 | 4.45 (2.51–7.87) | < 0.001 | 4.28 (2.42–7.58) | < 0.001 |
Visual impairment | 2.85 (1.14–7.17) | 0.028 | 2.82 (1.12–7.12) | 0.031 | 2.59 (1.00–6.70) | 0.050 |
Non-Hispanic Black | ||||||
Cognitive function | ||||||
CERAD Total | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.120 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.176 | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 0.231 |
Delayed Recall | 0.81 (0.70–0.95) | 0.010 | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.009 | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | 0.003 |
Animal Fluency | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.278 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.366 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.547 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.071 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.147 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.281 |
Depression | 6.45 (2.31–17.98) | 0.002 | 4.90 (1.74–13.77) | 0.005 | 4.23 (1.52–11.81) | 0.009 |
Visual impairment | 3.79 (1.55–9.26) | 0.006 | 4.90 (1.53–15.72) | 0.011 | 4.00 (1.16–13.85) | 0.031 |