Table 4 Factors influencing the stages of frailty

Gender

Male

Female

0.33

1.39(1.26–1.53)

 < .001

0.25

1.29(1.01–1.65)

.043

Age (year)

65–74

 ≥ 75

0.33

1.40(1.27–1.53)

 < .001

0.11

1.11(0.89–1.40)

.360

Education level

No formal education

0.24

1.27(1.11–1.44)

 < .001

-0.10

0.90(0.68–1.20)

.474

Elementary school

0.23

1.26(1.14–1.40)

 < .001

-0.20

0.98(0.75–1.29)

.884

 ≥ Middle school

Household income (10,000 won/year)

Q1 (≤ 686)

0.45

1.57(1.38–1.79)

 < .001

0.21

1.23(0.90–1.69)

.186

Q2 (687–991)

0.25

1.28(1.13–1.46)

 < .001

0.29

1.33(0.97–1.82)

.075

Q3 (992–1,470)

0.14

1.14(1.01–1.30)

.034

-0.10

0.90(0.64–1.26)

.550

Q4 (≥ 1471)

Living alone

No

Yes

0.12

1.12(1.01–1.25)

.038

0.14

1.15(0.92–1.43)

.222

ADL dependency

No

Yes

0.67

1.96(1.51–2.55)

 < .001

1.28

3.59(2.86–4.51)

 < .001

IADL dependency

No

Yes

0.63

1.88(1.66–2.14)

 < .001

1.42

4.13(3.23–5.28)

 < .001

Cognitive decline

No

Yes

0.26

1.29(1.14–1.46)

 < .001

0.06

1.06(0.84–1.34)

.603

Vision

Good

Not good

0.25

1.29(1.17–1.41)

 < .001

0.15

1.17(0.95 -1.43)

.136

Hearing

Good

Not good

0.20

1.22(1.08–1.38)

.002

0.28

1.33(1.06–1.65)

.012

Exercise

Regular

Irregular

0.37

1.45(1.33–1.58)

 < .001

1.10

3.02(2.35–3.87)

 < .001

Subjective social isolation

Number of persons

-0.07

0.93(0.91–0.95)

 < .001

0.02

1.02(0.97–1.08)

.393

Objective social isolation

Not isolated from both family and non-family member

Isolated from family member only

0.35

1.42(1.18–1.71)

 < .001

0.45

1.57(1.04–2.39)

.033

Isolated from non-family member only

0.40

1.49(1.31–1.69)

 < .001

0.56

1.75(1.39–2.19)

 < .001

Isolated from both family and non-family member

0.60

1.81(1.33–2.47)

 < .001

0.94

2.56(1.67–3.92)

 < .001

Hosmer–Lemeshow test

x² = 13.310

df = 8

p = 0.102

 × 2 = 9.852

df = 8

p = 0.276

Nagelkerke R²

.169

.324