Table 3 Objective social isolation according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics
Variables | Categories | Total% | Not isolated from both family and non-family member | Isolated from family member only | Isolated from non-family member only | Isolated from both family and non-family member | X2 or F(p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 42.6 | 3189 (42.2) | 276 (46.2) | 685 (42.1) | 127 (49.0) | 8.28 (.041) |
Female | 57.4 | 4370 (57.8) | 321 (53.8) | 941 (57.9) | 132 (51.0) | ||
Age (years) | 65–74 | 58.2 | 4614 (61.0) | 436 (73.0) | 651 (40.1) | 140 (54.1) | 300.56 (< .001) |
 ≥ 75 | 41.8 | 2945 (39.0) | 161 (27.0) | 975 (59.9) | 119 (45.9) | ||
Education level | No formal education | 23.7 | 1564 (20.7) | 134 (22.4) | 596 (36.6) | 82 (31.7) | 229.61 (< .001) |
Elementary school | 34.3 | 2652 (35.1) | 173 (29.0) | 540 (33.2) | 79 (30.5) | ||
 ≥ Middle school | 42.0 | 3343 (44.2) | 290 (48.6) | 490 (30.2) | 98 (37.8) | ||
Household income (10,000won/year) | Q1 (≤ 686) | 24.7 | 1676 (22.2) | 189 (31.6) | 524 (32.2) | 100 (38.6) | 199.21 (< .001) |
Q2 (687–991) | 25.2 | 1867 (24.7) | 143 (24.0) | 427 (26.3) | 91 (35.1) | ||
Q3 (992–1,470) | 25.0 | 1937 (25.6) | 127 (21.3) | 398 (24.5) | 45 (17.4) | ||
Q4 (≥ 1471) | 25.1 | 2079 (27.5) | 138 (23.1) | 277 (17.0) | 23 (8.9) | ||
Living alone | No | 76.1 | 5914 (78.2) | 357 (59.8) | 1214(74.7) | 151 (58.5) | 152.31 (< .001) |
Yes | 23.9 | 1645 (21.8) | 240 (40.2) | 412 (25.3) | 108 (41.5) | ||
ADL dependency | No | 93.2 | 7221 (95.5) | 563 (94.3) | 1354(83.3) | 218 (84.2) | 350.97 (< .001) |
Yes | 6.8 | 338 (4.5) | 34 (5.7) | 272 (16.7) | 41 (15.8) | ||
IADL dependency | No | 77.3 | 6180 (81.8) | 477 (79.9) | 942 (57.9) | 161 (62.3) | 468.41 (< .001) |
Yes | 22.7 | 1379 (18.2) | 120 (20.1) | 684 (42.1) | 98 (37.7) | ||
Cognitive decline | No | 83.3 | 6458 (85.4) | 502 (84.1) | 1212(74.6) | 188 (72.6) | 135.58 (< .001) |
Yes | 16.7 | 1101 (14.6) | 95 (15.9) | 414 (25.4) | 71 (27.4) | ||
Vision | Good | 66.2 | 5172 (68.4) | 423 (71.0) | 909 (55.9) | 147 (56.8) | 110.72 (< .001) |
Not good | 33.8 | 2387 (31.6) | 174 (29.0) | 717 (44.1) | 112 (43.2) | ||
Hearing | Good | 82.2 | 6364 (84.2) | 516 (86.4) | 1195 (73.5) | 174 (67.3) | 150.88 (< .001) |
Not good | 17.8 | 1195 (15.8) | 81 (13.6) | 431 (26.5) | 85 (32.7) | ||
Exercise | Regular | 52.9 | 4258 (56.3) | 323 (54.2) | 637 (39.2) | 93 (35.8) | 189.64 (< .001) |
Irregular | 47.1 | 3301 (43.7) | 274 (45.8) | 989 (60.8) | 166 (64.2) |