Table 1 Characteristics of the Kyoto-Kameoka Study participants according to sex^a

Age (years) ^b

72.8

(5.5)

72.5

(5.2)

73.1

(5.8)

PD ≥ 1000 people/km² (n [%]) ^c

528

(40.4)

254

(38.7)

274

(42.2)

Body mass index (kg/m²) ^b

22.6

(3.3)

22.3

(3.5)

22.9

(3.1)

Living alone (n [%]) ^c

137

(10.5)

101

(15.4)

36

(5.5)

HSES (n [%]) ^c

488

(37.4)

244

(37.2)

244

(37.5)

Education ≥ 13 y (n [%]) ^c

326

(25.0)

124

(18.9)

202

(31.1)

Current smoker (n [%]) ^c

104

(8.0)

14

(2.1)

90

(13.9)

Alcohol drinker (n [%]) ^c

904

(69.2)

337

(51.4)

567

(87.2)

No medication (n [%]) ^c

275

(21.1)

130

(19.8)

145

(22.3)

Hypertension (n [%]) ^c

511

(39.1)

260

(39.6)

251

(38.6)

Stroke (n [%]) ^c

36

(2.8)

12

(1.8)

24

(3.7)

Heart disease (n [%]) ^c

144

(11.0)

45

(6.9)

99

(15.2)

Diabetes (n [%]) ^c

118

(9.0)

46

(7.0)

72

(11.1)

Hyperlipidaemia (n [%]) ^c

152

(11.6)

97

(14.8)

55

(8.5)

KCL score ^b

4.5

(3.7)

4.4

(3.7)

4.6

(3.7)

FSI score ^b

1.2

(1.0)

1.2

(1.0)

1.2

(1.0)

Poor self-reported health (n [%]) ^c,d

164

(12.6)

77

(11.7)

87

(13.4)

Grip strength (kg) ^b

27.7

(8.1)

33.9

(3.9)

21.5

(6.2)

Gait speed (m/s) ^b

1.25

(0.22)

1.26

(0.21)

1.25

(0.22)

J-CHS Frailty (n [%]) ^c

147

(11.3)

80

(12.2)

67

(10.3)