| n studies | n total (intervention) | n total (comparison) | Effect sizea (95% CI) | Z Score | p | Test for Heterogeneity | Test for small study sample bias†| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | I2 | p | p | |||||||
Functional mobility after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 5 | 761 | 733 | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.24) | 1.38 | 0.17 | 4.36 | 22.30 | 0.36 | – |
Functional mobility at longest follow-up (4–12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 2 | 159 | 141 | 0.30 (− 0.26, 0.86) | 1.05 | 0.29 | 3.15 | 68.22 | 0.08 | – |
ADL after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 15 | 1992 | 1937 | 0.21 (0.00, 0.42) | 2.00 | 0.04 | 54.12 | 86.58 | < 0.01 | 0.01 |
endurance exercise | 4 | 109 | 116 | 0.51 (− 0.34, 1.36) | 1.18 | 0.24 | 27.68 | 89.43 | < 0.01 | – |
strengthening exercise | 3 | 71 | 65 | 0.30 (−0.05, 0.64) | 1.69 | 0.09 | 2.06 | 5.57 | 0.36 | – |
energy applied to soft tissue | 3 | 58 | 56 | 0.95 (0.23, 1.66) | 2.60 | 0.01 | 6.51 | 70.20 | 0.04 | – |
repeated practice activities | 7 | 1274 | 1246 | −0.02 (− 0.13, 0.10) | − 0.27 | 0.78 | 7.67 | 30.29 | 0.26 | – |
repeated exercise rehabilitation | 3 | 545 | 542 | 0.42 (− 0.04, 0.87) | 1.80 | 0.07 | 7.36 | 69.94 | 0.03 | – |
goals and planning | 9 | 643 | 613 | 0.22 (−0.17, 0.61) | 1.12 | 0.26 | 42.16 | 90.45 | < 0.01 | – |
feedback and monitoring | 7 | 266 | 262 | 0.33 (−0.19, 0.84) | 1.24 | 0.21 | 36.36 | 88.02 | < 0.01 | – |
shaping knowledge | 4 | 362 | 360 | −0.13 (− 0.27, 0.02) | −1.73 | 0.08 | 3.01 | 0.00 | 0.39 | – |
antecedents | 2 | 762 | 732 | −0.08 (− 0.44, 0.28) | −0.46 | 0.65 | 3.04 | 67.16 | 0.08 | – |
increased medical care | 4 | 971 | 932 | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.43) | 0.60 | 0.55 | 9.79 | 85.43 | 0.02 | – |
nutritional intervention | 2 | 891 | 862 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 1.25 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.76 | – |
early intervention | 2 | 215 | 200 | 0.35 (−0.23, 0.93) | 1.17 | 0.24 | 4.86 | 79.43 | 0.03 | – |
ADL at longest follow-up (1–12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 5 | 649 | 246 | 0.04 (−0.31, 0.38) | 0.21 | 0.83 | 16.44 | 82.69 | < 0.01 | – |
Improved ADL after inpatient rehabilitation (categorical) | ||||||||||
overall | 6 | 1445 | 1334 | 0.21 (− 0.07, 0.49) | 1.49 | 0.14 | 17.85 | 71.46 | < 0.01 | – |
Improved ADL at longest follow-up (categorical) (12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 2 | 333 | 293 | 0.45 (−0.05, 0.96) | 1.78 | 0.08 | 2.10 | 52.36 | 0.15 | – |
Walking speed after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 5 | 588 | 587 | 0.17 (0.05, 0.28) | 2.85 | < 0.01 | 6.16 | 0.00 | 0.19 | – |
strengthening exercise | 2 | 59 | 56 | −0.03 (−0.39, 0.34) | −0.14 | 0.89 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.76 | – |
repeated exercise rehabilitation | 2 | 509 | 511 | 0.53 (−0.34, 1.40) | 1.20 | 0.03 | 4.80 | 79.15 | 0.03 | – |
Walking endurance after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 6 | 173 | 134 | 1.50 (0.39, 2.60) | 2.66 | 0.01 | 41.35 | 94.40 | < 0.01 | – |
endurance exercise | 3 | 110 | 71 | 2.44 (0.49, 4.38) | 2.46 | 0.01 | 24.76 | 95.56 | < 0.01 | – |
shaping knowledge | 2 | 95 | 57 | 1.51 (0.56, 2.46) | 3.11 | < 0.01 | 5.97 | 83.24 | 0.01 | – |
early intervention | 2 | 49 | 51 | 0.51 (0.12, 0.91) | 2.56 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.85 | – |
Walking endurance Pre/post intervention change | ||||||||||
overall | 3 | 69 | 70 | Log OR: 1.23 (0.68, 1.78) | 4.36 | < 0.01 | 4.32 | 54.96 | 0.12 | – |
endurance exercise | 2 | 54 | 56 | Log OR: 0.98 (0.59, 1.37) | 4.94 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.92 | – |
Lower limb strength after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 5 | 130 | 146 | 0.02 (−0.50, 0.55) | 0.09 | 0.93 | 32.91 | 80.26 | < 0.01 | – |
Health related quality of life after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 5 | 795 | 788 | −0.15 (− 0.37, 0.07) | −1.35 | 0.18 | 12.99 | 60.47 | 0.04 | – |
Health related quality of life at longest follow-up (12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 2 | 578 | 572 | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.12) | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.85 | – |
Health related quality of life pre/post intervention change | ||||||||||
overall | 2 | 39 | 39 | Log OR: −0.40 (− 0.84, 0.04) | −1.78 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.72 | – |
Length of stay (standardised mean difference) | ||||||||||
overall | 28 | 3461 | 3510 | MD: −0.54 (−1.32, 0.23) | −1.38 | 0.17 | 233.20 | 88.13 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
Discharge destination: living at home after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 11 | 1914 | 1837 | Log OR: 0.47 (0.17, 0.76) | 3.07 | < 0.01 | 19.03 | 45.95 | 0.04 | 0.22 |
repeated practice activities | 6 | 1551 | 1232 | Log OR: 0.49 (0.11, 0.87) | 2.50 | 0.01 | 13.82 | 60.41 | 0.02 | – |
repeated exercise rehabilitation | 2 | 44 | 31 | Log OR: 0.94 (−0.03, 1.90) | 1.91 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.73 | – |
goals and planning | 2 | 55 | 25 | Log OR: 0.83 (0.21, 1.45) | 2.63 | 0.01 | 1.20 | 16.44 | 0.27 | – |
antecedents | 5 | 1309 | 1208 | Log OR: 0.20 (−0.25, 0.64) | 0.86 | 0.39 | 7.99 | 47.82 | 0.09 | – |
increased medical care | 8 | 1768 | 1683 | Log OR: 0.38 (0.04, 0.73) | 2.21 | 0.03 | 15.47 | 53.78 | 0.03 | – |
early intervention | 7 | 632 | 647 | Log OR: 0.60 (0.20, 1.00) | 2.96 | < 0.01 | 8.39 | 27.45 | 0.21 | – |
team meetings and care planning | 6 | 1528 | 1421 | Log OR: 0.42 (−0.04, 0.88) | 1.80 | 0.07 | 15.46 | 65.52 | 0.01 | – |
discharge planning | 6 | 1656 | 1580 | Log OR: 0.46 (0.09, 0.84) | 2.40 | 0.02 | 13.59 | 62.41 | 0.02 | – |
nutritional intervention | 4 | 1414 | 1325 | Log OR: 0.32 (−0.27, 0.91) | 1.07 | 0.28 | 13.96 | 79.34 | < 0.01 | – |
Discharge destination: living at home at longest follow-up (3–12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 2 | 328 | 348 | Log OR: 0.38 (0.03, 0.74) | 2.14 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.69 | – |
Mortality after inpatient rehabilitation | ||||||||||
overall | 12 | 2853 | 2766 | Log OR: −0.09 (− 0.40, 0.23) | −0.55 | 0.58 | 12.62 | 4.24 | 0.32 | 0.09 |
Mortality at longest follow-up (1–12 months) | ||||||||||
overall | 12 | 2108 | 2120 | Log OR: −0.12 (− 0.28, 0.05) | − 1.42 | 0.16 | 8.29 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.49 |