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Table 3 All cause costs in the insomnia treated and matched control cohorts

From: Falls, healthcare resources and costs in older adults with insomnia treated with zolpidem, trazodone, or benzodiazepines

Category

Overall Patient

N (%)

Estimated Mean

Estimated Mean Ratio with 95% CI

P-valuea

Total Cost (PPPM)

 Treated Patients

1,699,913 (100.0%)

$967

2.13 (2.12, 2.13)

 < .001

 Matched Control Cohort

1,603,929 (94.4%)

$455

  

Medical Cost (PPPM)

 Inpatient Costs

  All patients

   Treated Patients

315,679 (18.6%)

$1,912

1.25 (1.24, 1.26)

 < .001

  Matched Control Cohort

83,826 (4.9%)

$1,529

  

  Patients with no fallb or MVA eventsc

   Treated Patients

226,035 (13.3%)

$1,761

1.21 (1.20, 1.22)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

66,618 (3.9%)

$1,454

  

  Patients with 1 + fallb

   Treated Patients

87,298 (5.1%)

$2,343

1.27 (1.25, 1.29)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

16,602 (1.0%)

$1,848

  

 ED Costs

  All patients

   Treated Patients

374,441 (22.0%)

$134

1.39 (1.38, 1.39)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

146,947 (8.6%)

$97

  

  Patients with no fallb or MVA eventsc

   Treated Patients

256,246 (15.1%)

$125

1.32 (1.31, 1.33)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

111,059 (6.5%)

$94

  

  Patients with 1 + fallb

   Treated Patients

113,905 (6.7%)

$158

1.49 (1.47, 1.50)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

34,016 (2.0%)

$106

  

 Outpatient Costs

  All patients

   Treated Patients

868,655 (51.1%)

$292

1.82 (1.81, 1.83)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

595,020 (35.0%)

$161

  

  Patients with no fallb or MVA eventsc

   Treated Patients

727,581 (42.8%)

$279

1.81 (1.80, 1.82)

 < .001

   Matched Control Cohort

552,413 (32.5%)

$154

  

  Patients with 1 + fallb

  Treated Patients

136,150 (8.0%)

$380

1.51 (1.49, 1.54)

 < .001

  Matched Control Cohort

40,523 (2.4%)

$251

  
  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, PPPM Per patient per month, MVA Motor vehicle accident
  2. aHealthcare costs estimated using a generalized linear model with a Gamma distribution and log link function while adjusting for age, sex, race, geographic region and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. Empty cells represent values not available for analysis. OR adjusted model is not feasible, due to the small sample size. Patients with 1 + MVA, or 1 + fall and MVA, represented a negligible population and were excluded as motor vehicle insurance may have covered healthcare costs
  3. b “Fall events” were defined as receipt of ≥ 1 diagnostic code for falls, hip fractures, or traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), regardless of claim position or point of service. See methods for additional details
  4. c “MVA events” were defined as receipt of ≥ 1 diagnostic code for a MVA. See methods for additional details