Table 4 Differences in physical fitness among community-dwelling older adults who had fallen 0 to 3 times in the previous year

Height (cm)

154.32 ± 0.19

153.63 ± 0.39

152.35 ± 0.80

153.14 ± 0.96

–

–

–

–

–

–

Body weight (kg)

60.28 ± 0.27

60.62 ± 0.62

57.86 ± 1.01

60.66 ± 1.42

–

–

–

–

–

–

Hand grip strength (kg)

24.66 ± 0.19

23.66 ± 0.35

20.62 ± 0.71

22.20 ± 0.90

0.018*

0.000*

0.008*

0.001*

0.142

0.207

Single-leg standing (s)

19.38 ± 0.39

16.33 ± 0.78

13.95 ± 1.67

12.34 ± 1.82

0.003*

0.014*

0.002*

0.736

0.256

0.987

Chair sit-and-reach (cm)

4.86 ± 0.28

5.10 ± 0.52

7.27 ± 1.23

3.15 ± 1.37

–

–

–

–

–

–

8-ft up-and-go (s)

8.34 ± 0.10

8.68 ± 0.19

9.92 ± 0.67

10.38 ± 0.59

0.549

0.136

0.007*

0.402

0.047*

0.996

30-second chair stand (number of repeats)

16.3 ± 0.1

15.7 ± 0.3

14.6 ± 0.7

13.0 ± 0.7

0.068

0.010*

.000*

0.107

0.000*

0.101

2-minute step (number of steps)

109.4 ± 0.5

108.1 ± 1.1

101.6 ± 3.2

101.2 ± 3.9

–

–

–

–

–

–

30-second arm curl (number of repeats)

18.5 ± 0.1

18.4 ± 0.2

16.7 ± 0.5

17.0 ± 0.6

0.690

0.002*

0.015*

0.005*

0.034*

0.670

6-m walk test (s)

5.59 ± 0.07

5.90 ± 0.14

6.72 ± 0.49

6.83 ± 0.35

0.249

0.144

0.005*

0.506

0.087

1.000

Back scratch (cm)

−8.71 ± 0.35

−10.05 ± 0.77

−11.04 ± 1.35

−16.76 ± 1.97

0.509

0.468

0.001*

0.989

0.013*

0.106

Calf circumference (cm)

34.06 ± 0.12

34.20 ± 0.27

33.10 ± 0.57

33.14 ± 0.74

–

–

–

–

–

–

Bone mass density (T-score)

−1.081 ± 0.046

−1.098 ± 0.092

−0.957 ± 0.204

−1.290 ± 0.225

–

–

–

–

–

–