Table 3 Comparison of physical fitness between elders with or without exercise habit, who are or are not living alone, and who have or have not been hospitalized due to a fall

Height (cm)

154.12 ± 0.17

154.21 ± 0.65

0.873

152.44 ± 0.38

154.46 ± 0.18

0.000*

153.48 ± 0.49

154.36 ± 0.19

0.084

Body weight (kg)

60.18 ± 0.24

61.47 ± 0.9

0.137

59.01 ± 0.55

60.50 ± 0.26

0.018*

59.89 ± 0.71

60.59 ± 0.28

0.336

Hand grip strength (kg)

24.41 ± 0.16

23.58 ± 0.6

0.153

22.81 ± 0.35

24.63 ± 0.17

0.000*

23.62 ± 0.44

24.44 ± 0.18

0.097

Single-leg standing (s)

18.73 ± 0.34

15.93 ± 1.04

0.012*

15.37 ± 0.81

18.96 ± 0.37

0.000*

18.50 ± 1.09

18.17 ± 0.39

0.766

Chair sit-and-reach (cm)

5.10 ± 0.24

2.04 ± 0.77

0.000*

4.15 ± 0.58

4.90 ± 0.25

0.233

5.16 ± 0.68

4.95 ± 0.27

0.774

8-ft up-and-go (s)

8.38 ± 0.81

10.04 ± 0.53

0.002*

9.10 ± 0.22

8.47 ± 0.10

0.008*

9.23 ± 0.28

8.50 ± 0.10

0.009*

30-second chair stand (number of repeats)

16.2 ± 0.1

14.2 ± 0.4

0.000*

15.3 ± 0.3

16.1 ± 0.1

0.014*

14.9 ± 0.3

16.2 ± 0.1

0.001*

2-minute step (number of steps)

109.4 ± 0.5

104.5 ± 1.8

0.005*

106.8 ± 1.2

109.0 ± 0.5

0.080

109.8 ± 1.4

108.3 ± 0.6

0.302

30-second arm curl (number of repeats)

18.5 ± 0.1

16.9 ± 0.4

0.000*

17.7 ± 0.2

18.4 ± 0.1

0.006*

17.8 ± 0.3

18.4 ± 0.1

0.063

6-m walk test (s)

5.63 ± 0.05

6.59 ± 0.37

0.012*

6.03 ± 0.13

5.67 ± 0.06

0.020*

6.47 ± 0.21

5.63 ± 0.07

0.000*

Back scratch (cm)

−9.01 ± 0.31

− 12.93 ± 1.03

0.000*

−9.89 ± 0.72

−9.43 ± 0.33

0.575

− 11.23 ± 0.88

−8.90 ± 0.35

0.013*

Calf circumference (cm)

34.03 ± 0.11

33.61 ± 0.47

0.352

33.57 ± 0.27

34.07 ± 0.11

0.079

33.41 ± 0.52

34.17 ± 0.12

0.095

Bone mass density (T-score)

−1.072 ± 0.039

− 1.016 ± 0.176

0.736

−1.175 ± 0.978

− 1.073 ± 0.043

0.349

−1.161 ± 0.156

−1.052 ± 0.044

0.502