Table 3 Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios from Binary Logistic Regression for the Presence of Multimorbidity

Age in years

  60–69

Ref

Ref

  70–79

3.18 (2.14—4.73)

3.11 (1.87–5.18)

  80 + 

4.85 (3.06—7.67)

4.19 (2.32–7.57)

Sex

  Female

Ref

Ref

  Male

0.66 (0.48- 0.92)

0.71 (0.47–1.07)

Marital status

  Married

Ref

Ref

  ¹Without partner

2.14 (1.51—3.04)

1.52 (1.00–2.30)

Ethnicity

  Minorities and others

Ref

Ref

  Brahmins/Chhetri

1.50 (1.07—2.10)

0.95 (0.65—1.39)

Education

  Formal schooling

Ref

Ref

  No formal schooling

0.82 (0.58—1.15)

0.69 (0.47–1.02)

Residence

  Rural

Ref

Ref

  Urban

2.06 (1.46—2.91)

1.71 (1.16–2.51)

Current occupation

  Retired/Housewife

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Agriculture

0.73 (0.51—1.05)

  Non-agriculture

0.79 (0.50—1.24)

Walking proximity to the nearest health center

  Less than 30 min

Ref

  30–60 min

1.35 (0.91—2.00)

1.02 (0.67–1.55)

  More than 60 min

1.87 (1.21—2.89)

1.66 (1.04–2.64)

Financial hardships with health care

  No

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Yes

0.90 (0.66—1.25)

Receiving social security allowance

  No

Ref

Ref

  Yes

2.47 (1.75—3.47)

1.07 (0.66–1.74)

Knowledge of Senior Citizen Services

  No

Ref

Ref

  Yes

0.67 (0.42—1.06)

0.58 (0.34–0.97)

Smoking

  Never

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Current/former

1.09 (0.78—1.54)

Tabaco use

  Never

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Current/former

0.66 (0.45—0.97)

Alcohol use

  Never

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Current/former

0.75 (0.53—1.08)

Physical activity

  Inactive

Ref

Not selected in the final model

  Active

0.90 (0.65—1.25)