Age (years)
|
77 (3.6)
|
78 (4.5)
|
81 (5.3)
|
< 0.0001
|
78 (4.4)
|
78 (4.1)
|
80 (5.4)
|
0.003
|
Manual occupation
|
146 (43%)
|
263 (44%)
|
73 (48%)
|
0.37
|
25 (47%)
|
74 (44%)
|
46 (56%)
|
0.20
|
Never smoked
|
153 (45%)
|
239 (40%)
|
47 (31%)
|
0.04
|
16 (30%)
|
57 (34%)
|
21 (26%)
|
0.50
|
Long-term ex-smoker
|
164 (48%)
|
316 (52%)
|
92 (61%)
|
34 (64%)
|
98 (58%)
|
56 (68%)
|
Recent ex-smoker
|
13 (4%)
|
26 (4%)
|
9 (6%)
|
3 (6%)
|
6 (4%)
|
2 (2%)
|
Current smoker
|
11 (3%)
|
22 (4%)
|
4 (3%)
|
0
|
7 (4%)
|
3 (4%)
|
Physical measurements
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
148 (18)
|
147 (18)
|
143 (20)
|
0.07
|
145 (19)
|
141 (20)
|
136 (23)
|
0.01
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
78 (11)
|
77 (11)
|
75 (12)
|
0.10
|
75 (11)
|
73 (11)
|
69 (12)
|
0.001
|
BMI < 20 kg/m2
|
3 (0.9%)
|
13 (2%)
|
6 (4%)
|
0.007
|
0
|
3 (2%)
|
6 (7%)
|
0.01
|
BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2
|
118 (35%)
|
162 (27%)
|
41 (27%)
|
17 (32%)
|
36 (21%)
|
16 (20%)
|
BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2
|
174 (51%)
|
311 (52%)
|
76 (50%)
|
28 (53%)
|
92 *55%)
|
38 (46%)
|
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
|
46 (13%)
|
117 (19%)
|
29 (19%)
|
9 (15%)
|
37 (22%)
|
22 (27%)
|
Comorbidities
|
Mild cognitive impairment
|
119 (35%)
|
246 (41%)
|
75 (49%)
|
0.005
|
20 (38%)
|
69 (41%)
|
36 (44%)
|
0.14
|
Severe cognitive impairment
|
25 (7%)
|
44 (7%)
|
14 (9%)
|
5 (9%)
|
17 (10%)
|
14 (17%)
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
42 (12%)
|
83 (14%)
|
36 (24%)
|
0.007
|
10 (19%)
|
34 (20%)
|
21 (26%)
|
0.30
|
eGFR
|
77 (14)
|
74 (18)
|
69 (20)
|
< 0.0001
|
73 (16)
|
68 (20)
|
65 (19)
|
0.05
|
Peripheral vascular disease
|
2 (0.6%)
|
24 (4%)
|
7 (5%)
|
0.006
|
2 (4%)
|
8 (5%)
|
10 (12%)
|
0.03
|
Prior myocardial infarction
|
–
|
–
|
–
| |
37 (70%)
|
114 (68%)
|
50 (61%)
|
0.24
|
Heart failure
|
–
|
–
|
–
| |
9 (17%)
|
37 (22%)
|
34 (41%)
|
0.0005
|
Prior stroke
|
–
|
–
|
–
| |
14 (26%)
|
49 (29%)
|
27 (33%)
|
0.40
|
Total number of comorbidities (not including MI, HF or stroke)
|
Zero or one
|
140 (41%)
|
198 (33%)
|
23 (15%)
|
< 0.0001
|
20 (38%)
|
35 (21%)
|
8 (10%)
|
< 0.0001
|
Two, three or four
|
174 (51%)
|
321 (56%)
|
80 (53%)
|
31 (58%)
|
98 (58%)
|
45 (55%)
|
Five or more
|
27 (8%)
|
84 (14%)
|
49 (32%)
|
2 (4%)
|
35 (21%)
|
29 (35%)
|
Taking five or more regular medications
|
71 (21%)
|
191 (32%)
|
73 (48%)
|
< 0.0001
|
29 (55%)
|
112 (67%)
|
61 (74%)
|
0.02
|
Inflammatory biomarkers
|
CRP (mg/L)
|
1.0 (0.5–2.0)
|
1.4 (0.7–3.1)
|
1.9 (0.7–5.1)
|
< 0.0001†
|
0.8 (0.3–1.9)
|
1.5 (0.7–3.0)
|
2.0 (0.7–5.2)
|
0.0002†
|
IL-6 (pg/mL)
|
2.3 (1.5–3.4)
|
3.1 (1.9–4.6)
|
3.9 (2.2–6.2)
|
< 0.0001†
|
2.7 (1.6–4.1)
|
3.2 (1.8–4.7)
|
4.6 (2.5–7.2)
|
< 0.0001†
|
Coagulation biomarkers
|
tPA (ng/mL)
|
8.3 (6.1–11)
|
9.1 (6.7–12)
|
10.0 (7.5–13)
|
< 0.0001†
|
8.6 (6.6–10.8)
|
9.5 (7.0–12.5)
|
9.1 (6.4–12.8)
|
0.36†
|
D-dimer (ng/mL)
|
198 (140–270)
|
233 (158–314)
|
263 (165–412)
|
< 0.0001†
|
248 (143–337)
|
239 (144–326)
|
306 (218–434)
|
0.03†
|
Endothelial biomarkers
|
vWF (IU/dL)
|
107 (79–133)
|
119 (91–143)
|
131 (101–177)
|
< 0.0001†
|
120 (88–142)
|
127 (91–177)
|
144 (100–227)
|
0.11†
|
Cardiac biomarkers
|
hs-cTnT (pg/mL)
|
8.4 (6.1–13)
|
10.5 (7.2–15)
|
15.0 (9.1–23)
|
< 0.0001†
|
10 (6.5–16.4)
|
11 (7.2–16.4)
|
20 (12.8–32.5)
|
< 0.0001†
|
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)
|
87 (51–156)
|
123 (64–244)
|
198 (97–492)
|
< 0.0001†
|
227 (115–516)
|
196 (89–572)
|
479 (162–1700)
|
0.0001†
|
Imaging
|
CIMT (mm)
|
0.79 (0.2)
|
0.80 (0.2)
|
0.83 (0.2)
|
0.001
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
cfPWV (m/s)
|
9.9 (1.7)
|
10.4 (1.6)
|
10.5 (1.6)
|
0.0002
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
DC (10−3 kPa)
|
13.1 (4.1)
|
12.1 (4.1)
|
11.0 (3.6)
|
< 0.0001
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
ABPI < 0.9
|
65 (20%)
|
142 (25%)
|
40 (32%)
|
0.007
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
ABPI > 1.4
|
10 (3%)
|
10 (2%)
|
2 (2%)
|
0.20
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|