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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of individuals with, and without, clinically-apparent cardiovascular disease, by frailty status

From: Associations between inflammation, coagulation, cardiac strain and injury, and subclinical vascular disease with frailty in older men: a cross-sectional study

 

Free of clinically-apparent cardiovascular disease (n = 1096)

Has clinically-apparent cardiovascular disease (n = 303)

Robust (n = 341)

Pre-frail (n = 603)

Frail (n = 152)

p for trend*

Robust (n = 53)

Pre-frail (n = 168)

Frail (n = 82)

p for trend*

Age (years)

77 (3.6)

78 (4.5)

81 (5.3)

< 0.0001

78 (4.4)

78 (4.1)

80 (5.4)

0.003

Manual occupation

146 (43%)

263 (44%)

73 (48%)

0.37

25 (47%)

74 (44%)

46 (56%)

0.20

 Never smoked

153 (45%)

239 (40%)

47 (31%)

0.04

16 (30%)

57 (34%)

21 (26%)

0.50

 Long-term ex-smoker

164 (48%)

316 (52%)

92 (61%)

34 (64%)

98 (58%)

56 (68%)

 Recent ex-smoker

13 (4%)

26 (4%)

9 (6%)

3 (6%)

6 (4%)

2 (2%)

 Current smoker

11 (3%)

22 (4%)

4 (3%)

0

7 (4%)

3 (4%)

Physical measurements

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

148 (18)

147 (18)

143 (20)

0.07

145 (19)

141 (20)

136 (23)

0.01

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

78 (11)

77 (11)

75 (12)

0.10

75 (11)

73 (11)

69 (12)

0.001

 BMI < 20 kg/m2

3 (0.9%)

13 (2%)

6 (4%)

0.007

0

3 (2%)

6 (7%)

0.01

 BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2

118 (35%)

162 (27%)

41 (27%)

17 (32%)

36 (21%)

16 (20%)

 BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2

174 (51%)

311 (52%)

76 (50%)

28 (53%)

92 *55%)

38 (46%)

 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

46 (13%)

117 (19%)

29 (19%)

9 (15%)

37 (22%)

22 (27%)

Comorbidities

 Mild cognitive impairment

119 (35%)

246 (41%)

75 (49%)

0.005

20 (38%)

69 (41%)

36 (44%)

0.14

 Severe cognitive impairment

25 (7%)

44 (7%)

14 (9%)

5 (9%)

17 (10%)

14 (17%)

 Diabetes mellitus

42 (12%)

83 (14%)

36 (24%)

0.007

10 (19%)

34 (20%)

21 (26%)

0.30

 eGFR

77 (14)

74 (18)

69 (20)

< 0.0001

73 (16)

68 (20)

65 (19)

0.05

 Peripheral vascular disease

2 (0.6%)

24 (4%)

7 (5%)

0.006

2 (4%)

8 (5%)

10 (12%)

0.03

 Prior myocardial infarction

–

–

–

 

37 (70%)

114 (68%)

50 (61%)

0.24

 Heart failure

–

–

–

 

9 (17%)

37 (22%)

34 (41%)

0.0005

 Prior stroke

–

–

–

 

14 (26%)

49 (29%)

27 (33%)

0.40

Total number of comorbidities (not including MI, HF or stroke)

 Zero or one

140 (41%)

198 (33%)

23 (15%)

< 0.0001

20 (38%)

35 (21%)

8 (10%)

< 0.0001

 Two, three or four

174 (51%)

321 (56%)

80 (53%)

31 (58%)

98 (58%)

45 (55%)

 Five or more

27 (8%)

84 (14%)

49 (32%)

2 (4%)

35 (21%)

29 (35%)

Taking five or more regular medications

71 (21%)

191 (32%)

73 (48%)

< 0.0001

29 (55%)

112 (67%)

61 (74%)

0.02

Inflammatory biomarkers

 CRP (mg/L)

1.0 (0.5–2.0)

1.4 (0.7–3.1)

1.9 (0.7–5.1)

< 0.0001†

0.8 (0.3–1.9)

1.5 (0.7–3.0)

2.0 (0.7–5.2)

0.0002†

 IL-6 (pg/mL)

2.3 (1.5–3.4)

3.1 (1.9–4.6)

3.9 (2.2–6.2)

< 0.0001†

2.7 (1.6–4.1)

3.2 (1.8–4.7)

4.6 (2.5–7.2)

< 0.0001†

Coagulation biomarkers

 tPA (ng/mL)

8.3 (6.1–11)

9.1 (6.7–12)

10.0 (7.5–13)

< 0.0001†

8.6 (6.6–10.8)

9.5 (7.0–12.5)

9.1 (6.4–12.8)

0.36†

 D-dimer (ng/mL)

198 (140–270)

233 (158–314)

263 (165–412)

< 0.0001†

248 (143–337)

239 (144–326)

306 (218–434)

0.03†

Endothelial biomarkers

 vWF (IU/dL)

107 (79–133)

119 (91–143)

131 (101–177)

< 0.0001†

120 (88–142)

127 (91–177)

144 (100–227)

0.11†

Cardiac biomarkers

 hs-cTnT (pg/mL)

8.4 (6.1–13)

10.5 (7.2–15)

15.0 (9.1–23)

< 0.0001†

10 (6.5–16.4)

11 (7.2–16.4)

20 (12.8–32.5)

< 0.0001†

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

87 (51–156)

123 (64–244)

198 (97–492)

< 0.0001†

227 (115–516)

196 (89–572)

479 (162–1700)

0.0001†

Imaging

 CIMT (mm)

0.79 (0.2)

0.80 (0.2)

0.83 (0.2)

0.001

–

–

–

–

 cfPWV (m/s)

9.9 (1.7)

10.4 (1.6)

10.5 (1.6)

0.0002

–

–

–

–

 DC (10−3 kPa)

13.1 (4.1)

12.1 (4.1)

11.0 (3.6)

< 0.0001

–

–

–

–

 ABPI < 0.9

65 (20%)

142 (25%)

40 (32%)

0.007

–

–

–

–

 ABPI > 1.4

10 (3%)

10 (2%)

2 (2%)

0.20

–

–

–

–

  1. Values are mean (SD) for normally-distributed continuous variables, n (%) for categorical variables, and geometric mean (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed continuous variables
  2. *“Trend” denotes p value for association with frailty status modelled as an ordinal variable
  3. †Statistical comparisons made with variable natural log-transformed
  4. BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, tPA tissue plasminogen activator, vWF von Willebrand factor, hs-cTnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, NT-proBNP N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide, CIMT carotid intima media thickness, cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, DC carotid distensibility coefficient, ABPI ankle brachial pressure index
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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