Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants according to sex
| Â | Â | Men | Women | Total | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | (n = 883) | (n = 944) | (n = 1,827) | ||
Age (years) |  | 76.5 ± 3.7 | 75.7 ± 3.7 | 76.1 ± 3.8 | 0.21 |
BMI (kg/cm2) |  | 24.0 ± 2.8 | 24.8 ± 2.9 | 24.5 ± 2.9 | 0.47 |
Waist circumference (cm) |  | 87.6 ± 8.2 | 87.9 ± 8.3 | 87.8 ± 8.3 | 0.41 |
Height (cm) |  | 165.1 ± 5.4 | 152.2 ± 5.1 | 158.5 ± 8.4 |  < 0.01* |
Weight (kg) |  | 65.7 ± 8.7 | 57.6 ± 7.7 | 61.6 ± 9.2 |  < 0.01* |
Obesity by BMI | |||||
Normal (BMI < 25) |  | 571 (64.7) | 519 (55.0) | 1090 (59.7) |  < 0.01* |
Obese (30 > BMI ≥ 25) |  | 290 (32.8) | 381 (40.4) | 671 (36.7) |  |
Severe obese (BMI ≥ 30) |  | 22 (2.5) | 44 (4.7) | 66 (3.6) |  |
Central obesity by WC | |||||
No (men < 90, women < 85) |  | 547 (61.9) | 335 (35.5) | 882 (48.3) |  < 0.01* |
Yes (men ≥ 90, women ≥ 85) |  | 336 (38.1) | 609 (64.5) | 945 (51.7) |  |
Marriage (%) | Married | 816 (92.4) | 626 (66.3) | 1442 (78.9) |  < 0.01* |
Not married | 67 (7.6) | 318 (33.7) | 385 (21.1) | Â | |
Income per month | More than 3 | 181 (20.5) | 177 (18.8) | 358 (19.6) |  < 0.01* |
(Korean million won, %) | 1–3 | 448 (50.7) | 373 (39.5) | 821 (44.9) |  |
Less than 1 | 254 (28.8) | 394 (41.7) | 648 (35.5) | Â | |
Location of residence (%) | Urban | 690 (78.1) | 806 (85.4) | 1496 (81.9) |  < 0.01* |
Rural | 193 (21.9) | 138 (14.6) | 331 (18.1) | Â | |
Current smoker (%) | 573 (67.9) | 18 (1.9) | 591 (32.3) |  < 0.01* | |
Alcohol use (%) | 539 (60.9) | 536 (56.8) | 1074 (58.8) | 0.72 | |
Hypertension (%) | 459 (52.0) | 552 (58.5) | 1011 (55.3) | 0.01* | |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 222 (25.1) | 402 (42.6) | 624 (34.2) |  < 0.01* | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 214 (24.2) | 175 (18.5) | 389 (21.3) |  < 0.01* | |
Depression (%) | 15 (1.7) | 34 (3.6) | 49 (2.7) | 0.01* | |
Knee OA (%) | 90 (10.2) | 296 (31.4) | 386 (21.1) |  < 0.01* | |
Osteoporosis (%) | 23 (2.6) | 227 (24.0) | 250 (13.7) |  < 0.01* | |
MMSE-KC |  | 26.4 ± 2.7 | 25.6 ± 3.1 | 26.0 ± 3.0 |  < 0.01* |