Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics, physical activity level of the study population

Total, n (%)

Change in Muscle mass, Mean (SD)

p-value

Change in Hand Grip Strength, Mean (SD)

p-value

Change in Gait speed, Mean (SD)

p-value

Total

348 (100.0)

−0.67 (1.15)

−1.03 (4.61)

−0.04 (0.19)

Age, years

0.562

0.959

0.529

 60–69

218 (62.6)

−0.64 (1.16)

−1.04 (4.67)

−0.05 (0.18)

 70 and above

130 (37.4)

−0.72 (1.13)

−1.01 (4.53)

−0.03 (0.20)

Gender

0.017

0.331

0.939

 Male

184 (52.9)

−0.81 (1.15)

−1.26 (5.4)

−0.04 (0.19)

 Female

164 (47.1)

−0.52 (1.14)

−0.77 (3.52)

−0.04 (0.19)

Ethnicity

0.630

0.958

0.500

 Chinese

241 (69.3)

−0.65 (1.06)

−0.96 (4.68)

−0.03 (0.19)

 Malay

54 (15.5)

−0.84 (1.44)

−1.03 (4.52)

−0.05 (0.19)

 Indian

30 (8.6)

−0.64 (1.35)

−1.39 (4.25)

−0.03 (0.16)

 Others

23 (6.6)

−0.51 (1.11)

−1.28 (4.81)

−0.1 (0.18)

Marital status

0.333

0.360

0.140

 Married

290 (83.3)

−0.7 (1.20)

− 0.86 (4.85)

− 0.04 (0.18)

 Single

11 (3.2)

−0.68 (1.04)

− 0.87 (2.14)

−0.15 (0.17)

 Divorced/Separated

14 (4)

−0.91 (0.88)

−1.85 (4.26)

0.01 (0.25)

 Widowed

33 (9.5)

−0.34 (0.81)

−2.26 (2.75)

−0.02 (0.22)

Highest Qualification

0.008

0.156

0.634

 Up to primary education

82 (23.6)

−0.38 (1.18)

−0.4 (4.65)

−0.03 (0.19)

 Secondary education and beyond

266 (76.4)

−0.76 (1.13)

−1.23 (4.59)

−0.04 (0.19)

Type of dwelling

0.541

0.790

0.595

 Public housing (Rental flat/1-3room)

43 (12.4)

−0.13 (−2.66)

0.17 (−8.05)

−0.01 (− 0.41)

 Public housing (4–5 room)

259 (74.4)

−0.56 (−3.74)

− 0.54 (− 20.85)

− 0.02 (− 0.67)

 Condominium/Private property

46 (13.2)

−0.29 (−5.76)

0.76 (−13.80)

0.03 (−0.40)

Living

0.837

0.150

0.615

 Alone

15 (4.3)

−0.73 (0.82)

−2.71 (4.28)

−0.07 (0.18)

 With family/ domestic helper

333 (95.7)

−0.67 (1.16)

−0.95 (4.62)

−0.04 (0.19)

 Hypertension/ High blood pressure

0.756

0.262

0.367

  Yes

302 (86.8)

−0.66 (1.14)

−1.14 (4.7)

− 0.04 (0.19)

  No

46 (13.2)

−0.72 (1.21)

−0.32 (3.97)

−0.02 (0.19)

 Hyperlipidemia/ High Cholesterol

0.805

0.814

0.557

  Yes

335 (96.3)

−0.67 (1.16)

−1.04 (4.64)

−0.04 (0.19)

  No

13 (3.7)

−0.59 (0.93)

−0.73 (4.03)

−0.01 (0.16)

 Ischemic Heart Disease

0.553

0.589

0.761

  Yes

64 (18.4)

−0.75 (1.1)

− 0.75 (5.48)

− 0.03 (0.19)

  No

283 (81.6)

−0.66 (1.16)

−1.1 (4.40)

−0.04 (0.19)

Total, Mean (SD)

Change in Muscle mass, ρ

p-value

Change in Hand Grip Strength, ρ

p-value

Change in Gait speed, ρ

p-value

Total number of comorbidities ^a

4.5 (1.6)

−0.038

0.480

− 0.030

0.584

0.009

0.873

Total number of long term medications

6.1 (2.5)

−0.045

0.403

−0.014

0.793

−0.009

0.869

Follow up period (days)

560 (122)

−0.358

< 0.001

0.064

0.237

−0.101

0.060

 BMI

0 (1.9)

0.153

0.004

0.039

0.472

0.002

0.964

 HbA1c

−0.1 (1.0)

0.057

0.298

0.100

0.066

0.008

0.888

 PASE

0.4 (88.4)

−0.045

0.408

0.088

0.105

−0.050

0.352

 Domain 1

0.2 (1.8)

0.066

0.218

0.005

0.932

0.11

0.041

 Domain 2

0.9 (1.8)

−0.013

0.806

0.062

0.247

0.018

0.744

 Domain 3

2.2 (3.2)

0.128

0.017

−0.021

0.701

0.034

0.524

 Domain 4

−0.5 (2.2)

0.109

0.042

0.020

0.714

−0.027

0.621

IPAQ Total MET score

− 347.5 (3510)

0.132

0.017

−0.035

0.527

−0.004

0.945