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Table 2 Effect of visual impairment on changes in functioning and quality of life over time

From: Visual impairment as a predictor for deterioration in functioning: the Leiden 85-plus Study

 

Basic annual change

Additional annual change

 

No visual impairment

Moderate visual impairment

Severe visual impairment

 

β1

SE

P Value

β2

SE

P Value

β2

SE

P Value

a. All participants (n = 548)

 BADL

1.10

0.076

 < 0.001

0.27

0.112

0.017

0.35

0.146

0.018

 IADL

2.24

0.079

 < 0.001

0.04

0.117

0.735

-0.12

0.152

0.430

 MMSE

-0.74

0.051

 < 0.001

-0.02

0.076

0.830

-0.02

0.099

0.820

 GDS

0.30

0.039

 < 0.001

0.01

0.058

0.891

-0.05

0.079

0.566

 DJG

0.08

0.029

0.008

-0.10

0.043

0.023

-0.14

0.059

0.015

 Cantril

-0.22

0.024

 < 0.001

0.01

0.035

0.676

0.12

0.048

0.009

b. Participants with BADL = 9 (n = 256)

 BADL

1.06

0.089

 < 0.001

0.05

0.139

0.704

0.21

0.207

0.321

 IADL

2.43

0.111

 < 0.001

0.12

0.174

0.473

0.260

0.260

0.318

 MMSE

-0.78

0.064

 < 0.001

0.15

0.100

0.139

1.12

0.150

0.408

 GDS

0.27

0.047

 < 0.001

0.03

0.073

0.662

0.08

0.116

0.503

 DJG

0.06

0.033

0.069

-0.06

0.051

0.248

-0.02

0.081

0.833

 Cantril

-0.24

0.028

 < 0.001

0.00

0.043

0.911

0.14

0.068

0.040

c. Participants with BADL > 9 (n = 291)

 BADL

1.17

0.129

 < 0.001

0.48

0.178

0.007

0.41

0.209

0.052

 IADL

1.93

0.109

 < 0.001

0.08

0.150

0.585

-0.13

0.177

0.462

 MMSE

-0.71

0.084

 < 0.001

-0.20

0.116

0.085

-0.14

0.137

0.315

 GDS

0.34

0.067

 < 0.001

-0.02

0.094

0.850

-0.14

0.112

0.214

 DJG

0.11

0.053

0.039

-0.15

0.076

0.042

-0.25

0.091

0.006

 Cantril

-0.20

0.042

 < 0.001

0.01

0.059

0.814

0.10

0.070

0.167

  1. SE Standard error P Values were estimated by analysis of linear mixed models, significant when P Value < 0.05; function of the linear mixed model according to: y = α + βx. β firstly represents the basic annual change over time without impairment; and secondly the additional annual change for people with visual impairment.. β is given with corresponding SE
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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