Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 548) depending on degree of visual impairment
From: Visual impairment as a predictor for deterioration in functioning: the Leiden 85-plus Study
All n = 548 | No visual impairment n = 215 | Moderate visual impairment n = 215 | Severe visual impairment n = 118 | P-Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and health (No., %) | |||||
Male | 184 (33.6) | 84 (39.1) | 68 (31.6) | 32 (27.1) | 0.021 |
Living arrangements: Independently | 462 (84.3) | 197 (91.6) | 181 (84.2) | 84 (71.2) | < 0.001 |
Education > elementary school˚ | 193 (35.3) | 88 (40.9) | 66 (30.7) | 39 (33.3) | 0.089 |
High income˚ | 271 (50.0) | 122 (57.3) | 103 (48.4) | 46 (39.7) | 0.002 |
Chronic diseases | |||||
Arthritis/osteoarthritis ˚ | 179 (32.8) | 83 (38.8) | 67 (31.3) | 29 (24.6) | 0.007 |
Obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 (11.5) | 32 (14.9) | 17 (7.9) | 14 (11.9) | 0.227 |
Cerebrovascular accident ˚ | 44 (8.1) | 18 (8.4) | 15 (7.0) | 11 (9.4) | 0.866 |
Myocardial infarction ˚ | 56 (10.3) | 20 (9.3) | 23 (10.7) | 13 (11.0) | 0.598 |
Parkinson’s disease | 11 (2.0) | 5 (2.3) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | 0.704 |
Malignancy ˚ | 100 (18.3) | 42 (19.5) | 35 (16.3) | 23 (19.8) | 0.899 |
Diabetes mellitus ˚ | 79 (14.5) | 26 (12.1) | 24 (11.2) | 29 (24.8) | 0.006 |
Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 19)˚ | 89 (16.3) | 18 (8.4) | 38 (17.7) | 33 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
History fall˚ | 93 (17.2) | 40 (18.9) | 32 (15.0) | 21 (18.1) | 0.916 |
Hip fracture˚ | 33 (6.1) | 6 (2.8) | 15 (7.0) | 12 (10.3) | 0.005 |
Functioning and quality of life (median, IQR): | |||||
Physical functioning | |||||
BADL (n = 547) | 10.0 (9.0–14.0) | 9.0 (9.0–11.0) | 10.0 (9.0–13.5) | 11.0 (9.0–18.3) | < 0.001 |
IADL (n = 547) | 18.0 (12.0–25.0) | 15.0 (11.0–21.0) | 18.0 (12.8–25.0) | 24.0 (16.0–33.0) | < 0.001 |
Cognitive functioning: MMSE | 26.0 (23.0–28.0) | 27.0 (25.0–29.0) | 26.0 (22.0–28.0) | 24.0 (19.0–28.0) | < 0.001 |
Psychological functioning: GDS (n = 475)# | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | < 0.001 |
Social functioning: DJG (n = 476)# | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | < 0.001 |
Quality of Life: Cantril (n = 521) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | < 0.001 |