Table 1 Characteristics of sample before PSM and after PSM by WeChat users and non-WeChat users

With depressive symptoms (CES-D>10)

212 (13.0)

2140 (22.0)

< 0.001

211 (13.2)

720 (18.9)

< 0.001

Age

55.5 ± 7.3

62.8 ± 10.0

< 0.001

55.6 ± 7.3

57.2 ± 7.8

< 0.001

Female

697 (42.7)

4690 (48.3)

< 0.001

681 (42.6)

1695 (44.4)

0.22

Minority

111 (6.8)

741 (7.6)

0.23

110 (6.9)

254 (6.7)

0.77

Rural residence

764 (46.8)

7618 (78.5)

< 0.001

764 (47.8)

2486 (65.1)

< 0.001

Married

1541 (94.4)

8439 (86.9)

< 0.001

1511 (94.5)

3578 (93.8)

0.44

Middle school and higher education

1248 (76.5)

3143 (32.4)

< 0.001

1215 (76.0)

2249 (58.9)

< 0.001

Equal or higher than average income

1076 (65.9)

3376 (34.8)

< 0.001

1043 (65.2)

1994 (52.3)

< 0.001

Alcohol drinker

773 (47.4)

6368 (65.6)

< 0.001

837 (52.3)

1481 (38.8)

< 0.001

Smoker

1612 (98.8)

9565 (98.5)

0.11

1056 (66.0)

2535 (66.4)

0.89

Disabled

180 (11.0)

1583 (16.3)

< 0.001

177 (11.1)

490 (12.8)

< 0.1

Self-report very good and good general health

674 (41.3)

2789 (28.7)

< 0.001

652 (40.8)

1260 (33.0)

< 0.001

Number of comorbidities

1.7 ± 1.6

1.9 ± 1.7

< 0.001

1.7 ± 1.6

1.7 ± 1.6

0.81

Life satisfaction score

13.1 ± 3.5

12.7 ± 4.1

< 0.001

13.1 ± 3.5

12.8 ± 3.6

< 0.01

Completely independent in activities of daily Living

1620 (99.3)

9238 (95.2)

<0.001

1587 (99.2)

3722 (97.5)

<0.05

Sleep at night (hours)

6.4 ± 1.9

6.5 ± 1.9

0.86

6.4 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.7

0.43

Sleep at noon (minute)

40.0 ± 45.6

43.0 ± 50.1

< 0.05

39.6 ± 45.9

41.8 ± 48.0

0.12

Days of vigorous sport in a week

1.5 ± 2.6

1.8 ± 2.8

< 0.01

1.5 ± 2.6

1.9 ± 2.9

< 0.001

Days of moderate sport in a week

3.3 ± 3.1

2.7 ±3.2

< 0.001

3.4 ± 3.2

3.0 ± 3.2

< 0.001

Days of mild sport in a week

5.9 ± 2.2

5.3 ± 2.8

< 0.001

5.9 ± 2.2

5.6 ± 2.6

< 0.001

Attendance number of social activities

2.5 ± 1.5

0.8 ± 1.0

< 0.001

2.5 ± 1.5

0.9 ± 1.1

< 0.001