Associations between loneliness and frailty among older adults: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Table 1 Model fit statistics of each of the four models of the cross-lagged analysis

Model	χ2	df	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	ref	Δχ2 (Δdf)	P-value
0	160.343	18	0.917	0.057	0.019
1	133.173	14	0.930	0.059	0.015	0	26.86(4)	< 0.0001
2	135.935	14	0.929	0.060	0.017	0	23.64(4)	< 0.0001
3	131.482	12	0.930	0.064	0.016
3–1	133.878	14	0.930	0.060	0.016	3	2.44(2)	0.296

Note, Model 0 resembles the stability model with the correlation paths and the autoregressive paths between loneliness and frailty at all time points. In model 1 and model 2, we separately included the cross-lagged path from loneliness to frailty and the cross-lagged path from frailty to loneliness. In model 3, we included the bidirectional cross-lagged path based on the comparing results of model 0 and model 1, model 2. In model 3–1, we constrained the cross-lagged path coefficients in model 3 to be equal across time. χ2 is the model fit test statistic, df = degrees of freedom, ref. = reference model to compare with, CFI = comparative-fit-index, RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation, SRMR = standardized root mean square residual, Δχ2 (Δdf) is based on the scaled χ2-difference test

ISSN: 1471-2318